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How Imaginary Numbers Were Invented
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17,473,695 Views • Oct 31, 2021 • Click to toggle off description
A general solution to the cubic equation was long considered impossible, until we gave up the requirement that math reflect reality. This video is sponsored by Brilliant. The first 200 people to sign up via brilliant.org/veritasium get 20% off a yearly subscription.

Thanks to Dr Amir Alexander, Dr Alexander Kontorovich, Dr Chris Ferrie, and Dr Adam Becker for the helpful advice and feedback on the earlier versions of the script.

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References:
Some great videos about the cubic:

500 years of not teaching the cubic formula. --    • 500 years of NOT teaching THE CUBIC F...  

Imaginary Numbers are Real --    • Imaginary Numbers Are Real [Part 1: I...  

Dunham, W. (1990). Journey through genius: The great theorems of mathematics. New York. -- ve42.co/Dunham90

Toscano, F. (2020). The Secret Formula. Princeton University Press. -- ve42.co/Toscano2020

Bochner, S. (1963). The significance of some basic mathematical conceptions for physics. Isis, 54(2), 179-205. -- ve42.co/Bochner63

Muroi, K. (2019). Cubic equations of Babylonian mathematics. arXiv preprint arXiv:1905.08034. -- ve42.co/Murio21

Branson, W. Solving the cubic with Cardano, -- ve42.co/Branson2014

Rothman, T. (2013). Cardano v Tartaglia: The Great Feud Goes Supernatural. arXiv preprint arXiv:1308.2181. -- ve42.co/Rothman

Vali Siadat, M., & Tholen, A. (2021). Omar Khayyam: Geometric Algebra and Cubic Equations. Math Horizons, 28(1), 12-15. -- ve42.co/Siadat21

Merino, O. (2006). A short history of complex numbers. University of Rhode Island. -- ve42.co/Merino2006

Cardano, G (1545), Ars magna or The Rules of Algebra, Dover (published 1993), ISBN 0-486-67811-3

Bombelli, R (1579) L’Algebra ve42.co/Bombelli

The Manim Community Developers. (2021). Manim – Mathematical Animation Framework (Version v0.13.1) [Computer software]. www.manim.community/

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Special thanks to Patreon supporters: Luis Felipe, Anton Ragin, Paul Peijzel, S S, Benedikt Heinen, Diffbot, Micah Mangione, Juan Benet, Ruslan Khroma, Richard Sundvall, Lee Redden, Sam Lutfi, MJP, Gnare, Nick DiCandilo, Dave Kircher, Edward Larsen, Burt Humburg, Blake Byers, Dumky, Mike Tung, Evgeny Skvortsov, Meekay, Ismail Öncü Usta, Crated Comments, Anna, Mac Malkawi, Michael Schneider, Oleksii Leonov, Jim Osmun, Tyson McDowell, Ludovic Robillard, Jim buckmaster, fanime96, Ruslan Khroma, Robert Blum, Vincent, Marinus Kuivenhoven, Alfred Wallace, Arjun Chakroborty, Joar Wandborg, Clayton Greenwell, Pindex, Michael Krugman, Cy 'kkm' K'Nelson,Ron Neal

Executive Producer: Derek Muller
Writers: Derek Muller, Alex Kontorovich, Stephen Welch, Petr Lebedev
Animators: Fabio Albertelli, Jakub Misiek, Ivy Tello, Jesús Rascón
SFX: Shaun Clifford
Camerapeople: Derek Muller, Emily Zhang
Editors: Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev
Producers: Derek Muller, Petr Lebedev, Emily Zhang
Additional video supplied by Getty Images
Music from Epidemic Sound and Jonny Hyman
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Views : 17,473,695
Genre: Education
Date of upload: Oct 31, 2021 ^^


Rating : 4.956 (7,111/642,452 LTDR)
RYD date created : 2022-04-09T22:00:23.342295Z
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YouTube Comments - 24,806 Comments

Top Comments of this video!! :3

@ongka2000

2 years ago

I wholeheartedly believe that giving context to the history and slowly guiding students through the mindset of mathematicians is objectively better than spoon-feeding them equations.

36K |

@DanielVCOliveira

2 years ago

Man, change "depressed quadratic" to an obscure magic spell and you literally get a fantasy duel story, complete with a sage old mentor, an underdog protagonist, an enchantment and a boastful proud villain wtf

5.3K |

@TheGrimSmile

8 months ago

I can't believe that now, a decade after struggling to understand it, I finally know what "completing the square" means.

1.9K |

@willclark491

9 months ago

It's shocking how thoroughly you managed to deceive me into thinking I almost understood this topic. You, sir, are phenomenal!

1K |

@FinFET

2 years ago

Imagine minding your own business as a mathematician and suddenly someone challenges you to MATH DUEL, that can make you lose your job. Man, the older times were really intense for mathematicians.

6.4K |

@kevinmatheka4783

2 years ago

"I did not deem him capable of finding such a rule on his own." Savage 😂

1.1K |

@DarkRavenhaft

9 months ago

Visualizing "i" as describing a value that cancels itself out and seeing the CG of e^ix described as a spiraling 3-dimensional waveform with the X & Y functions 90° out of phase may have contributed more to my understanding of physics and mathematics than the entirety of my college calculus courses.

133 |

@the_Googie

7 months ago

I was one of the worst math graduates in my highschool class but recently I had a spark of love for maths and reteach myself everything. This video is nothing short of amazing. Its just mindblowing!!

92 |

@JJOOOOSSSSSSSSHHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH

2 years ago

As someone who's really bad with math, these visuals have helped me realize a lot of what I didn't understand with basic algebra and trig functions from school as a kid.

5.3K |

@StevenHe

2 years ago

This video makes me want to do math. It’s inspiring in the best way

18K |

@Srioll

9 months ago

I have a masters degree in physics, so I'm confident in saying I'm pretty good at maths. You describing the completing the square method of solving a quadratic just genuinely blew my mind. I never understood where any of it was coming from and opted instead just to use the quadratic formula and ignore completing the square. I just thought it was entirely irrelevant. But holy wow it makes so much sense now, I see where the steps all come from, and it's actually extraordinarily elegant. It makes soo much more sense now! Just goes to show how much influence a teacher has on their students and why so many people think they're bad at maths. I hope more teachers start teaching things they way you did there. Thank you!

346 |

@mathieud4770

8 months ago

It just feels like I've uncovered some chunk of fundamental knowledge of absolute purity. Thank you for letting us fools taste the beauty of maths in a 23-minute video.

351 |

@Justin-ro8uj

2 years ago

All throughout grade school and college I struggled to understand the "why" portion of math beyond plug and chug. Usually professors couldn't give me an adequate explanation. Completing the square was one term that never really clicked for me. The first 3 minutes of this video are pure genius. So simple and understandable. This makes math so much more digestible.

1.3K |

@gazehound

2 years ago

Just had my mind blown learning that "complete the square" is literal.

704 |

@omegastar2508

5 months ago

The concept of "Math duels" is hilarious to me

3 |

@CrikeyArchie

3 months ago

"Only by giving up maths' connection to reality could it guide us to a deeper truth about how the universe works." Bravo! A thoroughly professional presentation from algebraic dependence on visual geometry through Mediterranean ego vignettes segueing into physics, with remarkable insights along the way, culminating in the quote above.

22 |

@jodofe4879

1 year ago

I love it when complex equations come down to something elementary like 2+2=4

3.9K |

@AccidentalMisfire09

2 years ago

For the entirety of my higher education, I've been told to "complete the square," but 6 teachers and 4 professors have never explained this further than restating the equation. In one extremely brief visual and explanation, you've managed to answer a question I'd long since forgotten. I don't know how to describe my astonishment, nor my gratitude for your content.

2.8K |

@ViciandoCodigo

7 months ago

This video was incredible, I cannot put into words the fantastic journey I experienced in these last few minutes, thinking about the realities of mathematicians, how problems that have been considered to be impossible for thousands of years are solved, and how we naturalize the legacy of these incredible minds. Thanks my friend

47 |

@LaplacianFourier

9 months ago

This video is so impressively well made! The storytelling, the animation, the music, the drama, the education!! What triumph!

12 |

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