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in the future - u will be able to do some more stuff here,,,!! like pat catgirl- i mean um yeah... for now u can only see others's posts :c
FDA Approves Apple AirPods Pro as Hearing Aids in Industry First @Etv94
Apple on Thursday got a green light from US regulators to add a feature that would let upcoming AirPods Pro ear pieces be used as hearing aids, potentially disrupting that market.Earlier this week the company updated the AirPods Pro 2, touting a pending software upgrade that will let people test their hearing and then get assisted listening for everyday life as well as streaming online.
The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) on Thursday authorized the hearing aid feature for the devices, noting that a study showed users found them as beneficial as professionally fitted ones.
"Hearing loss is a significant public health issue impacting millions of Americans," said FDA acting director Michelle Tarver.
Apple's software "advances the availability, accessibility and acceptability of hearing support for adults with perceived mild to moderate hearing loss," Tarver added. AirPods Pro 2 are priced at $249, considerably lower than the average price of clinical-grade hearing aids, but those interested will need to adopt Apple's devices. In addition to the new feature, AirPods Pro 2, equipped with an iPhone or iPad, can test the hearing and create the user's hearing information that is stored separately in the Apple app. Health.
The test lasted about five minutes, and the users tapped the screen of the iPhone or iPad while hearing the sounds of the tablets with different frequencies.
The results are used to adjust the hearing aid.
Apple says the code will also apply to music, movies, games and phone calls on its devices, with no configuration required.
Conventional headphones are not ideal for content streaming or phone calls. "Hearing health is an important part of our overall health, but often overlooked," Sumbul Desai, Apple's vice president of medical care, said in a statement.
Apple said that research shows that more than one billion people in the world live with hearing loss.
"We are very happy about Apple's new announcement," Barbara Kelly, executive director of the American Hearing Loss Association, told AFP.
"The fact that a product that has been used by millions of people is providing hearing aids and protection is a huge step forward."
The iPhone maker plans to roll out these features in more than 100 countries in the coming months, pending approval from the relevant health authorities.
Hearts and minds
Apple continues to incorporate health and fitness features into its products. Apple Watch can remind people to take medicine. Notify abnormal noise levels or detect heart rate fluctuations that require attention. He can also tell women when they will give birth.
A new version of the Apple Watch announced this week will add the ability to detect sleep apnea, a dangerous condition that causes you to stop breathing during sleep.
According to the tech titan, the Apple Health app collects data and then uses machine learning to extract insights and store information on devices.
The health metrics provided by Apple include heart rate and respiration. Blood sugar and human sleep quality.
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Genetic Evidence Overrules Ecocide Theory of Easter Island Once And For All @Etv94
"In just a few centuries, the people of Easter Island wiped out their forest, drove their plants and animals to extinction, and saw their complex society spiral into chaos and cannibalism." So writes Jared Diamond in his best-selling book Collapse, which was published in 2005.
Nearly two decades later, an international team of geneticists has found evidence that this famous cautionary tale never actually happened.
The true story of Rapa Nui (named Easter Island by colonial Europeans) is not one of self-inflicted population collapse, the new findings suggest, but of cultural resilience.
In the 1600s, it seems that the ancient people of Rapa Nui were not utterly isolated on their island, and it is clear that they did not overexploit their resources to the point of 'ecocide'.
Instead, ancient genetic data suggests the island was once home to a small population of between 1,500 and 3,000 individuals, who were interbreeding with populations that had Polynesian and Indigenous American ancestry long before Europeans had reached either region. Genetic analysis shows that Rapanui flourished until the 1860s, when Peruvian slave raids and subsequent epidemics of European colonialism caused the island's population to decline. to 110 people.
Today, more than 1,500 people living in Rapanui are known as Rapanui Aboriginal.
The authors of the study, led by geneticists from the University of Copenhagen in Denmark and the University of Lausanne in Switzerland, concluded: "These results do not support a major collapse of the Rapa population Much after the first population and before the 19th century."
Many archaeological and anthropological accounts have already contradicted the biological theory of Rapa Nui. But this new study is the first to reveal the story using ancient genetic data. The results come from the remains of 15 ancient people from Rapa Nui, whose bones and teeth were taken from the island by the Europeans in the 19th and 20th centuries and are kept in some museum in Paris.
Following the museum's strict guidelines, the researchers, supported by Comisión de Desarrollo Rapa Nui (CODEIPA) and Comisión Asesora de Monumentos Nacionales (CAMN), sequenced the sexes of each individual. The team also organized regular meetings with representatives of the Rapanui community. They hope their results will help the community's efforts to bring their ancestors back to the island.
Based on the genetic analysis, which makes up the population of Rapa Nui in the last 100 generations, the researchers say that these people may not have been born after contact with Europeans. All 15 ancient Labanoi are 90% Polynesian in appearance. Their genes also contain 10 percent Native American "admixture," an assimilation event that probably occurred between 1250 and 1430.
Columbus didn't reach America until 1492, and today's European ancestors can only be found in present-day Japan, not ancient Japan.
Today, the Rapanoan and Polynesian peoples make up a part of Native America, which research shows entered the two gene pools between 1150 and 1495.
This shows that Polynesian sailors reached the Americas and Rapa Nui before the Europeans. However, other ancient Rapanoe DNA studies have so far found no trace of Native Americans.
The lead authors of the new study, geneticists J. Victor Moreno-Mayar, Anna-Sapfo Malaspinas and Barbara Sousa da Mota, explained to ScienceAlert that this may be due to low resolution data and sampling errors. .
When the team analyzed ancient genes from a previous study, they found elements similar to Native Americans in three out of five Japanese people.
Meanwhile, another recent study has sequenced traces of prehistoric humans who lived before or just after this mixing event, before any evidence of their species was introduced. The new findings "leave no doubt" that ancient Rapanui interbred with populations of Indigenous American descent, write evolutionary archaeogeneticists Stephan Schiffels and Kathrin Nägele in an independent review of the study for Nature.
Now, the question is, how did the Rapanui make contact with Indigenous Americans on what Diamond once called "the world's most isolated scrap of habitable land" – located roughly 1,800 km (1,100 miles) from the closest inhabited island in Polynesia and 3,512 km from Chile in South America?
For years now, experts have debated whether or not Pacific Islanders reached the Americas before Europeans.
In 2020, a genetic study found evidence that prior to the settlement of Rapa Nui, contact was made between Polynesians and Indigenous American groups most closely related to the Indigenous inhabitants of present-day Colombia.
"While it is true that long-distance sea voyaging became less frequent with time, we know that Polynesians were really adept seafarers that managed to get to every Polynesian island in a matter of 1 to 2 thousand years," Moreno-Mayar, Malaspinas, and Mota explained to E Tv. "Since the sea was more a road to them rather than a barrier, we believe our results make it very likely that they managed to reach the Americas. "Therefore, the information suggests that at one time Rapa Nui was not isolated even though it was thousands of kilometers away from other islands and the Americas."
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Stretchy, wearable device harvests energy from body heat to light up an LED
Fitness trackers and wearable devices often face the issue of running out of battery. However, imagine a future where wearable technology could harness body heat to power itself.
Researchers at UW have created a flexible, durable electronic prototype that can capture energy from body heat and convert it into electricity, capable of powering small electronics like batteries, sensors, or LEDs. This device remains functional even after being pierced multiple times and stretched 2,000 times.
“I had this vision a long time ago,” said senior author Mohammad Malakooti, UW assistant professor of mechanical engineering. “When you put this device on your skin, it uses your body heat to directly power an LED. As soon as you put the device on, the LED lights up. This wasn’t possible before.”
Traditionally, devices that utilize heat to generate electricity are rigid and fragile. However, Malakooti and the team have developed a highly flexible and soft device that can conform to the contours of an individual’s arm.
This device was meticulously designed from the ground up. The researchers conducted simulations to identify the optimal combination of materials and device structures and subsequently manufactured nearly all the components in their laboratory.
It consists of three primary layers. The core comprises rigid thermoelectric semiconductors responsible for converting heat into electricity. These semiconductors are encased in 3D-printed composites with low thermal conductivity, which enhances energy conversion and reduces the device’s overall weight. To impart stretchability, conductivity, and electrical self-healing, the semiconductors are linked with printed liquid metal traces.
Furthermore, liquid metal droplets are integrated into the outer layers to enhance heat transfer to the semiconductors and maintain flexibility, as the metal remains in liquid form at room temperature. All components, with the exception of the semiconductors, were designed and produced in Malakooti’s laboratory.
In addition to wearables, Malakooti mentioned that these devices could have valuable applications in other fields. One potential use is to integrate these devices with heat-producing electronics.
“You can imagine sticking these onto warm electronics and using that excess heat to power small sensors,” Malakooti said. “This could be especially helpful in data centers, where servers and computing equipment consume substantial electricity and generate heat, requiring even more electricity to keep them cool. Our devices can capture that heat and repurpose it to power temperature and humidity sensors. This approach is more sustainable because it creates a standalone system that monitors conditions while reducing overall energy consumption. Plus, there’s no need to worry about maintenance, changing batteries, or adding new wiring.”
The potential applications of these devices also extend to reverse operations. This means that by introducing electricity, these devices can be utilized to heat or cool surfaces, opening up new possibilities for their use.
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Breaking: Watch Live as Polaris Dawn Civilians Step Into The Raw Vacuum of Space
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Sarah Gillis isn't what you might consider a career astronaut. Yet, in just a few hours the 30-year-old SpaceX engineer will join pilot and "daredevil billionaire" Jared Isaacman on a history-making spacewalk.
The two will become the first civilians to float through the emptiness of space protected by little more than an experimental new space suit.
Meanwhile, fellow crew members Scott Poteet and Anna Menon will remain in the capsule, protected by the very same suits as the air drains from the vehicle and the solitary door opens onto the raw cosmos beyond.
SpaceX has provided a front row seat for the event in the form of a livelink, with the spacewalk expected to take place in the morning at 06:23 UTC (02:23 EDT) on Thursday 12 September.
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Supermassive Black Holes in Nearby Galaxy Caught on The Brink of Collision @Etv94
Interstellar collisions are a major global event. It occurs when two star systems merge in a cosmic dance.
Supermassive black holes are also collapsing. The result is a very unusual galaxy with a supermassive black hole. These events are the main force behind the evolution of galaxies. This is how smaller galaxies merge to form larger galaxies. These combinations date back to the early days of civilization.
The merging of galaxies continues today. Our Milky Way will swallow up smaller galaxies and collide with the Andromeda Galaxy in billions of years. When this happens, the supermassive black holes of the two galaxies merge again. We don't see the whole process from start to finish because it takes millions of years to complete. However, this does not stop astronomers from looking for evidence of colliding galaxies with supermassive black holes.
The new discovery used the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) to identify three "spots" of bright light, visible in two colliding galaxies. These targets are very close to us - about 800 million light years away.
Astronomers followed Chandra observations and radio data from Carl Jay. The Jansky set is very large.
In fact, galaxies with bright cores, called active galactic nuclei (AGN for short) are far away. It is often seen before the age of the world. The opportunity to study a galaxy with two supermassive black holes in a collision with a "new" universe is a good opportunity to study the mechanics of that event.
Tracking the collisions of supermassive black holes. The discovery of a collision in the sky in the future HST's Advanced Camera for Surveys found three light-splitting areas in the heart of the collision galaxy MCG-03-34-64. Two of these hot spots are found close together - about 300 light years apart. They follow the presence of gas in the core. When ionized by an extremely powerful object, the hot spots amaze astronomers. (The third hotspot is unclear.)
"We never thought we would see something like this," said Ana Trindad Falcao of the Institute for Astrophysics. Harvard and the Smithsonian in Cambridge, Massachusetts. This finding is not unusual in the nearby universe, it tells us that there is something else in the galaxy.
Falcao and his teammates wanted to know what these bright spots were. "So, they used the Chandra X-ray Observatory to focus on the process." Looking at MCG-03-34-64 in the X-ray band, we saw two distinct, intense sources of high-energy emission that matched the bright spots seen with Hubble. We concluded that we were looking at supermassive black holes.
The team also found observations of these objects in archived radio telescope data. These intense radio emissions show that black holes exist and are close together. "When you see bright light at optical, X-ray and radio wavelengths, many things can be ruled out, concluding that these can only be explained by a nearby black hole," Falcao said. "When you put all the pieces together, it gives you the binary picture of the AGN."
These supermassive black holes can collide within a hundred million years.
One of them is in the core of the galaxy. As these galaxies approach each other, the black holes at their cores begin to interact. Eventually, it merges into a powerful program, sending ground waves as part of the process. Astronomers say (through simulations and observations) that the merger of galaxies and supermassive black holes can do a lot. As the collisions continue, the interstellar gas flows toward the galactic centers.
It also restricts other regions, and both processes disrupt star formation. Some gas also accumulates on the supermassive black hole, increasing the emission of greenhouse gases and moving material into the accretion disk.
These mergers are still going global. Galaxy models, as well as observational evidence, suggest that many AGNs experience mergers in the hearts of galaxies. The double collision of supermassive black holes in these AGN suggests that the black holes grow by merging.
The most important black hole collisions and future analysis
Understanding mergers of nearby AGNs like the one observed in MCG MCG-03-34-64 provides a unique window into the final stages of what astronomers call a SMBH binary merger.
These events are the main way to measure the effects of these mergers. They provide a valuable learning opportunity using light-sensitive detectors across the spectrum, including future wave detectors. These observations require advanced versions of the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO), which first made observations a few years ago. Cosmic waves from merging supermassive black holes will be a target for future instruments such as LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna). The three waves sent space detectors millions of miles away to image the long-wavelength waves produced during the blackout. Giants like MCG-03-34-64 collide.
Since these mergers occur globally, this is an important area of study that will contribute significantly to our understanding of galaxy mergers as part of the evolution of the universe.
Reference
Universe Today
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Supermassive Merger: Sgr A* Formed by Black Hole Collision 9 Billion Years Ago
Massive galaxies like ours are supermassive black holes (SMBHs). @Etv94
These galaxies can be unfathomably massive, and some are billions of times larger than the Sun. Ours, Arc A* (Sgr A*), is much more modest, about four million solar masses.
Astronomers are studying Sgr A* to learn more about it, including its age. They say it was created nine billion years ago.
SMBHs are the most amazing things in the Universe. Their pull is so great that they can untangle the light. It is surrounded by a rotating ring of material called an accretion disk, which feeds material into the crater.
When they are active, they are called active galactic nuclei (AGN).
How can scientists determine the age of these mysterious objects? How can we study the formation of our black hole, Sgr A*? By collecting data, integrating and running simulations.
The effort began in April 2017, when the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) discovered the black hole at the center of the galaxy M87. This is the first time we have seen any form of a black hole, and it follows the 2022 EHT discovery of Sgr A*.
New research published in Nature Astronomy relied on EHT observations to determine the age and origin of Sgr A*. It is titled "Evidence for a pre-merger Galactic Center black hole". The authors of the book, Yihan Wang and Bing Zhang, are astrophysicists at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas. Black holes grow in two ways. Matter accumulates over time and merges. Astrophysicists believe that galaxy mergers are necessary to create the SMBH, and Sgr A* is no different. It may have been created through amalgamation, although it may have been material accumulation. Sgr A* is unusual. It spins rapidly and is misaligned relative to the Milky Way. This is evidence of a past merger, according to Wang and Zhang, possibly with a long-gone satellite galaxy called Gaia-Enceladus."The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) provided direct imaging of the SMBH Sgr A* at the Milky Way's center, indicating it likely spins rapidly with its spin axis significantly misaligned relative to the Galactic plane's angular momentum," the authors write in their paper.
The pair of researchers used computer simulations to model what impact a merger would have on the Milky Way's black hole.
"Through investigating various SMBH growth models, here we show that the inferred spin properties of Sgr A* provide evidence of a past SMBH merger," the authors write.
Their work shows that a 4:1 mass ratio merger with a highly inclined orbital configuration can explain what EHT observations of Sgr A* show. "Inspired by the merger between the Milky Way and Gaia-Enceladus, which has a 4:1 mass ratio as inferred from Gaia data, we have discovered that a 4:1 major merger of SMBH with a binary angular momentum inclination angle of 145-180 degrees with respect to the line of sight (LOS) can successfully replicate the measured spin properties of Sgr A*," the authors explain in their work.
"This merger likely occurred around 9 billion years ago, following the Milky Way's merger with the Gaia-Enceladus galaxy," said Zhang, a distinguished professor of physics and astronomy at UNLV and the founding director of the Nevada Centre for Astrophysics. "This event not only provides evidence of the hierarchical black hole merger theory but also provides insights into the dynamic history of our galaxy." "This discovery paves the way for our understanding of how supermassive black holes grow and evolve," said lead author Wang in a press release. "The misaligned high spin of Sgr A* indicates that it may have merged with another black hole, dramatically altering its amplitude and orientation of spin." "This merger event in our galaxy provides potential observational support for the theory of hierarchical BH mergers in the formation and growth of SMBHs," the authors write in their conclusion.
When galaxies merge, so do their central black holes. Although this is just speculation, microwave observers are seeing an increase in black hole mergers.
However, due to the large range of our observatories, they have only detected mergers of stellar mass black holes. SMBH mergers have smaller wavelengths that are beyond the range of observatories such as LIGO/Virgo/KAGRA. System monitors are close enough to detect low frequencies.
The authors also point to SMBH merger rates determined in other simulations, such as the Millennium Simulation, which suggest that there may be hundreds or thousands in the universe that are observed each year. The derived merger rate, in agreement with theoretical predictions, represents the detection rate of the SMBH cluster for conventional microwave detectors expected to be operational in the 2030s.
There are plans to develop facilities that can detect these low SMBH input flows. ESA and NASA are planning a project called LISA (Laser Interferometer Space Antenna) that will detect these waves. LISA has three spacecraft working together as interferometers. Each spacecraft will have a range of 2.5 million kilometers.
SMBHs are some of the most mysterious in the world, and their study is a challenge. But despite the lack of microwave evidence for SMBH mergers, this study helps lay the groundwork for deepening our understanding of these mergers as they happen.
Reference
Universe Today
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Polaris Dawn Success: Civilian Astronauts Prepare For Record-Breaking Spacewalk @Etv94
A private crew set out on an audacious orbital expedition Tuesday, journeying deeper into the cosmos than any humans in half a century as they prepare for the first ever spacewalk by non-professional astronauts.
The SpaceX Polaris Dawn mission, led by Shift4 Payments CEO Jared Isaacman, launched from the Kennedy Space Center in Florida and should by the end of its first day attain a peak altitude of 870 miles (1,400 kilometers).
That is nearly three times farther from Earth than the International Space Station, as their Crew Dragon spaceship navigates through portions of hazardous, high-radiation Van Allen belt during its roughly five-day trek.And radiation isn't the only challenge the four-member team faces.
"Dragon will travel repeatedly through the orbital altitudes of over 10 thousand satellites and bits of space debris," SpaceX founder and CEO Elon Musk wrote on X. "No room for error in our calculations."
The highlight of the voyage is slated for as early as Thursday: the first ever spacewalk by civilians, outfitted in sleek, newly developed SpaceX extravehicular activity (EVA) suits with heads-up displays, helmet cameras and advanced joint mobility systems.
SpaceX has scheduled the EVA for 0623 GMT on Thursday, with a backup window on Friday at the same time.
Since the Crew Dragon capsule lacks an airlock, the entire crew will be exposed to the vacuum of space for around two hours, as two crewmates venture out, in turn, for 15 to 20 minutes each.
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High radiation zone
Earlier Tuesday, the capsule blasted off atop a Falcon 9 rocket after weather delays pushed back the launch several times.
Applause broke out across the mission control center as it separated successfully from the main engine and the first glimpses of Earth came into view.
As they prepare for their spacewalk, the crew have been tasked with gathering data on decompression sickness and the health effects of the Van Allen radiation belt, a region teeming with high-energy charged particles.
While venturing deep into space, the crew won't exceed the distances reached during the Apollo missions to the Moon from 1968 to 1972.
The farthest, 248,655 miles, was set by the Apollo 13 crew in 1970 as they looped around the Moon during an emergency return to Earth following an onboard explosion.
Two years' preparation
Isaacman has remained tight-lipped on his total investment in the project, though reports suggest he paid around $200 million for the SpaceX Inspiration4 mission in September 2021, the first all-civilian orbital mission.
Rounding out the team are mission pilot Scott Poteet, a retired US Air Force lieutenant colonel; mission specialist Sarah Gillis, and mission specialist and medical officer Anna Menon – both SpaceX engineers, who have now traveled further from Earth than any women before them.
The quartet underwent more than two years of training in preparation for the landmark mission, logging hundreds of hours on simulators as well as skydiving, centrifuge training, scuba diving, and summiting an Ecuadoran volcano.
Polaris Dawn is the first of three missions under the Polaris program, a collaboration between Isaacman and SpaceX.
The final mission is slated to be the first crewed flight of SpaceX's Starship prototype – the rocket it envisions as the key to future Mars colonization.
In addition to their spacewalk, the crew will test laser-based satellite communications between the spacecraft and Starlink's satellite constellation, aiming to enhance space communication speeds.
They'll also carry out 36 scientific experiments, including tests on contact lenses with embedded microelectronics to monitor changes in eye pressure and shape – adding to the growing body of space research aimed at advancing human exploration beyond Earth.
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The above theory about the formation of the moon may not have any evidence. @Etv94
Billions of years ago, according to this theory, something the size of Mars hit Earth, throwing all the debris into space that eventually coalesced into the moon. This hypothesis is called the mass effect, and it provides an explanation for some of the unusual properties that Earth and the Moon share, such as the same minerals.
There's just one problem, according to a new analysis led by planetary scientist Paolo Soussi of the Experimental Planetology Group at ETH Zurich in Switzerland, there's no real evidence that a massive collision happened. "The mantle rocks of Earth and the Moon are indistinguishable on any isotope ratio that traces the origin of matter in the Universe," Soucy told ScienceAlert. Because these elements vary so much between planetary materials, we would expect to see small differences in their isotope ratios if there were to be an impact. However, there is no apparent difference between the Earth and the Moon...so we argue that if humans are to touch it, the two bodies must be completely intermingled. .
This doesn't mean it didn't have a big impact. It's still possible. It's just... we can't really believe it happened anymore. It looks like the moon has just fallen into a mysterious world.
The recommendations, available on the arXiv preprint server and currently in print for Geochemistry 2024, are based on a critical review of the geological and geochemical evidence relevant to date.
So if there are no collisions, where does the light come from? Soucy argues that the Earth and its giant satellite are simply created in the original form, requiring no third body to be included.
Earth and its moon are unique in the solar system. It is the only system in the world that has two large bodies with different hubs. The Moon is no smaller than Mercury, and if it floats around on its own, it is considered a planet of its own.
It is believed that light plays an important role in helping the growth of life. This helps stabilize the rotation of the earth and creates tides that help rotate the oceans. Without the rotating rock mass, the Earth would be a different place.
Because light is so rare and important, scientists want to know how it got here. Its origins can shed light on our own history and help us determine how these systems will shape the world at large.
It's not a bad idea to think about the impact. In the early days of the solar system, about 4.5 billion years ago, things were much more complicated. Undoubtedly, there are more flying rocks than we can recognize from craters left by living planets and moons. So it's unlikely that the Earth was hit by something big enough to create the debris cloud that formed the moon. The problem, Soucy and his team discovered after examining the available evidence, is that the Earth and the Moon are very similar. The elements on Earth and the Moon have atomic ratios - different types of the same atom with different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei - that are the same. And the more we explore, the more we find.
In the beginning this competition was only observed for oxygen species, but recently (since the beginning of 2010) it affects chromium and titanium - both of which are concentrated in the rock . are the same," explained Soucy. In addition, since the locations of these elements vary widely between planetary materials, if there are speakers, we would expect to see small differences in in their proportions. Yet, no such differences between the Earth and the Moon have been detected.
"This has subsequently also been shown to be true for a host of other elements (e.g., iron, calcium, molybdenum, etc.) making the likelihood that this could have arisen through coincidence astronomically small."
A recent study has shown that Earth and the Moon are also around the same age, or formed very close together, around 4.5 billion years ago. Taken together, the evidence suggests that the two bodies formed from the self-same cloud of material.
That's not to say that an impact couldn't have been involved; one model suggests that an impact pulverized the whole kit and kaboodle of whatever the baby Earth looked like, producing a donut of material that coalesced into two bodies, Earth and the Moon.
But giant impact models often predict small differences in the isotope ratios between Earth and the Moon. According to the available data, these differences are negligible, which means that although a significant effect cannot be ruled out, samples that produce results that do not match the geochemical data should be discarded.
However, Soucy said, "The parameter space is pretty much infinite.
We still don't know how the Earth and Moon came together from the interstellar core 4.5 billion years ago. One way to find out is to look at what's inside the moon, which is what Susi and her colleagues are doing.
Chemical and isotopic evidence is now strong enough to question the basic mechanisms of light formation, Soucy said. "We are also excited to see how geological, chemical and dynamical constraints can be combined to provide a new, holistic view of the moon. and eventually help us find a solution to this puzzle."
Reference
Arxiv
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The discovery of iron gases circulating in the nearby world of hell. @Etv94
They are outside our planet and orbit other stars. It was first discovered in the 1990s, and since then more than 5,200 have been discovered. Most are gas giants like Jupiter or Saturn, while others are like small rocky terrestrial planets, which may be less habitable.
As telescopes and more advanced detection techniques are developed, not only will our level of detection increase, but our ability to detect these alien worlds will increase as well. One of these exoplanets, WASP-76b, has received much attention. A superheated gas 640 light-years away in the direction of the constellation Pisces. Discovered in 2013, this star rotates close to its host star, completing an orbit within 1.8 Earth days. This proximity to the star results in extreme daytime temperatures of over 2000 degrees. It is believed that the extreme heat will liquefy the iron, and it will melt on the cold side of the night, causing it to fall like iron rain!
A team of astronomers, including some from the University of Geneva, reported in the Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics their findings of strong iron gases in the atmosphere of WASP-76b. Astronomers have been interested in this planet since its discovery to understand the atmosphere of this super-hot Jupiter.
A beautiful world and rainbows were seen there last April. The team focused on the daylight side, as it was warmer. They used the ESPRESSO spectrograph mounted on the European Southern Observatory's Very Large Telescope (yes, that's the name!) This telescope is known for its stability and high resolution, so it can It captures the best levels of detail in astrology.
Using a technique called high emission spectroscopy, the team studied the spectrum of visible light. This approach relies on the detection of emission lines in the spectrum, which can be used to explain the chemical composition. Here they find the chemical signature of iron that can be seen moving from the lower levels to the higher layers of the atmosphere. Studying planetary atmospheres can help us understand the range of environments on these alien planets. As a gas giant, observations on WASP-76b will help us learn more about the climates of planets surrounded by extremely high levels of radiation from their blessed star.
Reference
Universe Today
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