Introduction:
Our understanding of life's complexities has fundamentally transformed due to advancements in genetic engineering, a field focused on directly manipulating the genes of organisms. Since Watson and Crick (1953) revealed the double helix structure of DNA, understanding DNA and RNA—the molecular carriers of genetic information—has been central to biology, sparking global research efforts. This evolving landscape continues to shape our comprehension of life. This interdisciplinary collaboration has opened new avenues for research and real-world applications, ranging from novel methods of diagnosing and treating diseases to the emergence of personalized medicine. Gene therapy represents a significant advancement in disease treatment, including cancer. One area of focus is correlating parental genes for male and female cases, aiming for the genetic repair of organs damaged by cancer.