Three Data Encryption States, hereβs a brief description of each state in data encryption:
1. Data at Rest
- Description: Refers to data that is stored on a physical medium, such as hard drives, databases, or backups. Encryption at this state ensures that the data is protected from unauthorized access in case the storage media is lost, stolen, or compromised.
- Example:
- SQL Server: Transparent Data Encryption (TDE) encrypts the entire database at the file level, securing stored data.
- Oracle: Tablespace Encryption protects all data stored within a tablespace by encrypting it on disk.
2. Data in Transit
- Description: Refers to data actively moving between locations, such as between servers, or between a client and a server over a network. Encryption in transit protects data from being intercepted or tampered with during its transfer.
- Example:
- SQL Server: SSL/TLS encryption ensures that data transmitted between SQL Server and clients is secure.
- Oracle: Oracle Advanced Security enables SSL/TLS encryption for network traffic between clients and the Oracle database.
3. Data in Use
- Description: Refers to data that is currently being processed, accessed, or used by applications, often in memory or during computation. This state is the most vulnerable because data must be decrypted for processing. Encryption at this state aims to protect sensitive information from unauthorized access during active use.
- Example:
- SQL Server: Always Encrypted protects sensitive data during processing, ensuring that even DBA's cannot access unencrypted data.
- Oracle: Data Redaction masks sensitive data in query results based on user roles, protecting it during use.
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Outline For Real-Time Migration from MySQL to PostgreSQL:-
1- MySQL is the Source database which holds the data that we need to migrate to PostgreSQL.
2- DEBEZIUM is a powerful tool in the data integration ecosystem, particularly useful for change data capture (CDC).
3- Apache Kafka is a distributed event streaming platform. It's designed to handle high volumes of data and enables real-time data pipelines between systems or applications.
4- The Kafka PostgreSQL connector is a tool that facilitates the transfer of data from Kafka topics to PostgreSQL tables. It's typically used as a sink connector in the Kafka Connect framework.
5- PostgreSQL is the target database that we need to migrate the data from MySQL into it.
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Oracle Database Security:
To Set up Oracle TDE for database, you need to know those things:
1- Master key can be managed by two methods :-
- Oracle Wallet:- is a secure container used in Oracle databases to store and manage security credentials, such as authentication credentials, encryption keys, and certificates
- Hardware Security Module (HSM):- is A physical device that provides extra security for sensitive data by managing, processing, and storing cryptographic keys.
2- There are three different types of wallets to consider when you use an Oracle wallet as the keystore for TDE master keys:
- Password-Based Wallet: is an encrypted key storage file (ewallet.p12) that follows the PKCS12 standard. It is encrypted by a password-derived key. A human user must enter a command containing the password for the database to open the wallet, decrypt its contents, and gain access to keys. The password-based wallet is the default keystore for TDE master keys.
- Auto-login wallets (cwallet.sso) optionally are derived from standard password-based wallets for special cases where automatic startup of the database is required with no human interaction to enter a wallet password. When using auto-login wallet, the master password-based wallet must be preserved because it is needed to rotate the TDE master key. In addition to the best practice of storing an auto-login wallet in a local or network directory that is protected by tight file permissions, the file contents are scrambled by the database using a proprietary method for added security.
- Local Auto-Login Wallet: it has similar behavior of Auto-Login Wallet, one notable difference with local auto-login wallet is that its contents are scrambled using additional factors taken from the host machine where the file was created. This renders the local auto-login wallet unusable on other host machines, which add more extra security layer for the wallet.
3- Master Encryption Key/ Key Encrypt Key (KEK):-
- Master Key is a Key stored outside the Database.
- Master Key is a Key Encrypting key known as (MEK) Master Encryption Key.
- Master Key used to Encrypt the Table and Tablespace keys.
- Master Key can be generated By wallet or Key Vault or any other supported HSM (Hardware Security Modules).
4- Data Encryption Key (DEK) is two types:
A. Tablespace Key:-
- Stored and Visible in control file and Datafile Headers
- Tablespace key used to encrypt datafiles within the tablespace
- Tablespace key encrypted by the master key
B. Table Key:-
- Stored and Visible in table data Dictionary
- It's encrypted by master key
- Table key used to encrypt columns data within the table
5- By Enabling TDE you will secure your data by prevent the attacker to steal your data if he gains access through:
- Direct access to database storage
- Theft of database backup
- Compromise of database export
6- Application Can connect to the Database without any change from the application side.
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Database Administration:
1. Oracle Database Commands and Tools:
- SQL*Plus: A command-line tool used for running SQL and PL/SQL commands and scripts against Oracle databases.
- expdp (Export Data Pump): Used to export data and metadata from an Oracle database into a set of dump files.
- impdp (Import Data Pump): Used to import data and metadata from dump files into an Oracle database.
- DBCA (Database Configuration Assistant): DBCA is a utility provided by Oracle to simplify the creation, configuration, and management of Oracle databases.
- DBUA (Database Upgrade Assistant): DBUA is a utility provided by Oracle to automate the process of upgrading an existing Oracle database to a newer version.
- NETCA (Network Configuration Assistant): is a GUI utility that simplifies the configuration of Oracle network components.
- NETMGR (Oracle Net Manager): is a more advanced and flexible tool compared to NETCA, providing a graphical interface for detailed configuration of Oracle Net Services.
- RMAN (Recovery Manager): A command-line interface for performing backup and recovery operations in Oracle databases.
2. Golden Gate Commands:
- GGSCI (GoldenGate Software Command Interface): Used for managing, configuring, and monitoring Oracle GoldenGate processes.
- OGGCA (Oracle GoldenGate Configuration Assistant): A command-line tool for configuring Oracle GoldenGate instances.
- Logdump: A utility for viewing and analyzing trail files generated by Oracle GoldenGate.
- DEFGEN (Definition File Generator): A command-line tool used to generate definition files in heterogeneous environments.
3. Oracle Grid Infra Commands:
- CRSCTL (Cluster Ready Services Control Utility): Used to manage Oracle Clusterware components.
- SRVCTL (Service Control): Used for managing Oracle RAC databases and other resources within the cluster.
- ASMCMD (ASM Command Line Utility): A command-line tool for managing Oracle ASM instances and disks.
- CLUVFY (Cluster Verification Utility): A tool for verifying the integrity and proper configuration of Oracle RAC and Oracle Grid Infrastructure.
- CRSSTAT: A utility that provides a summary of the current status of all cluster resources.
- OCRCONFIG: Used to manage the Oracle Cluster Registry (OCR).
4. Additional commands:
- EMCLI (Oracle Enterprise Manager CLI): Used to manage and automate Oracle Enterprise Manager operations via scripts.
- OPatch: A tool for applying and rolling back patches in Oracle software installations.
- ADRCI (Automatic Diagnostic Repository Command Interpreter): Used for managing diagnostic data such as alert logs, trace files, and incidents.
- ORAPWD (Oracle Password Utility): Used for creating and managing password files for Oracle databases.
- ORAPKI (Oracle Public Key Infrastructure): is a command-line utility provided by Oracle for managing security credentials.
- DGMGRL (Data Guard Manager Command-Line Interface): is the primary command-line interface for managing Oracle Data Guard configurations.
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A brief steps to Configure Data Guard Between RAC Environments:
1. Prepare the Primary RAC Database:
- Ensure the primary RAC database is running in ARCHIVELOG mode.
- Configure the primary database with a standby redo log, which is required for Data Guard.
2. Set Up the Standby RAC Database:
- Create a standby RAC database using RMAN or duplicate the primary database.
- Configure the standby database with standby redo logs.
3. Configure Oracle Net for Data Guard:
- Create appropriate TNS entries in the tnsnames.ora file on both primary and standby nodes to enable communication between the RAC clusters.
4. Configure the Data Guard Broker (Optional):
- Set up the Data Guard Broker to manage the Data Guard configuration, allowing for easier monitoring and management.
5. Start Redo Apply on Standby:
- On the standby database, start the redo apply (for physical standby) or SQL apply (for logical standby) process to begin applying changes received from the primary.
6. Testing:
- Perform a switchover to test the configuration, ensuring that the standby database can be promoted to the primary role and vice versa without issues.
7. Monitoring and Maintenance:
- Regularly monitor the Data Guard configuration using views such as V$DATAGUARD_STATS, V$ARCHIVE_DEST, and V$DATAGUARD_STATUS.
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