https://ocean.si.edu/ecosystems/deep-sea/deep-sea
In 2018, scientists officially described a snailfish (Pseudoliparis swirei) at 27,000 feet below sea level, the deepest living fish ever found. The snailfish lacks scales, has large teeth, and does not bioluminesce, a departure from what many people envision in a deep-sea fish. It is the only named fish at such depth.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_sea
The deep sea is broadly defined as the ocean depth where light begins to fade, at an approximate depth of 200 m (660 ft) ... and as these are the primary producers of almost all of earth's ecosystems, life in this area of the ocean must depend on energy sources from elsewhere.

https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/marine-ecosystems/
Learn about the different types of marine ecosystems, from estuaries and coral reefs to the open ocean and the deep-sea ocean. Explore the biotic and abiotic factors that shape these aquatic habitats and the organisms that live in them.

https://www.unep.org/resources/report/deep-sea-biodiversity-and-ecosystems
A report by UNEP that explores the deep sea as the oldest and largest biome on Earth, its rich and vulnerable habitats and communities, and the threats and challenges they face. The report applies modern methods and concepts to assess the goods and services, governance and management of the deep sea and high seas.

https://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/facts/deep-habitat.html
Organisms living in the deep ocean must survive in a physical environment that is radically different from ocean habitats near the sea surface. In this photo, a red crab (Chaceon sp.) feeds on eggs, likely of a pallid sculpin. Image courtesy of the Office of Ocean Exploration and Research, Windows to the Deep 2019. Download image (jpg, 130 KB).

https://ocean.si.edu/ecosystems/coral-reefs/deep-sea-corals
Several species of deep-sea corals form an underwater garden 165 m (540 ft) below the ocean's surface off the coast of Alaska's Aleutian Islands.(Alberto Lindner/NOAA) Deep-sea corals come in a virtual paint box of colors—yellow, orange, red, purple, and more. Their shapes are equally varied and include branching, fan-shaped, and feather

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-020-01352-5
Of the 17 major projects under the CoML, five specifically focused on deep-sea ecosystems, and these provide key reference points. A new programme, designed around the Ocean Decade objectives

https://ocean.si.edu/ecosystems/deep-sea
video Sea Creatures from the Deep: A Video by National Geographic and the Census of Marine Life

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-32684-4
In the deep ocean symbioses between microbes and invertebrates are emerging as key drivers of ecosystem health and services. We present a large-scale analysis of microbial diversity in deep-sea

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-020-01352-5.pdf
The roadmap for this Ocean Decade recognizes the deep sea as a frontier of science and discovery, and calls for research to advance understanding of deep-sea ecosystems, their functions

https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20230209-how-deep-sea-creatures-are-discovered
As deep-sea mining threatens to encroach on previously untouched seafloor habitats and climate change warms and acidifies the seas, the ocean's ecosystems are on the brink of profound change.

https://deep-sea-conservation.org/explore/deep-sea-life-and-habitats/
The deep water column, from 200 meters below the surface down to the seafloor, accounts for more than 95% of the volume of the ocean. It is vital to many of Earth's regulatory processes, including nutrient cycling, carbon cycling and storage, and heat absorption. The ocean has absorbed over 90% of the excess heat generated by the burning of

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2021.667048/full
Brito-Morales et al. (2020) found that deep-sea ecosystems are especially at risk of climate-change-related species range shifts, challenging the common perception that the deep sea is slower to respond to climate change threats. This is not the case; for example, OMZs are a direct effect of climate change, as less oxygen can be dissolved in

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-deep-sea-ecosystem-life-in-the-dark-cold-waters.html
Learn about the diverse and mysterious ecosystems of the deep sea, from the ocean floor to the open water. Discover how different species adapt to extreme temperatures, pressures, and darkness, and what they feed on and how they reproduce.

https://www.unep.org/resources/report/ecosystems-and-biodiversity-deep-waters-and-high-seas
The conservation and sustainable use of the vulnerable ecosystems and biodiversity in deep waters and high seas are among the most critical oceans issues and environmental challenges today. Immediate impacts and threats, such as those posed by fishing, have to be reduced urgently. Activities that generate long-lasting pollution, alter climate, disrupt oceanic circulation regimes and acidify

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41559-019-1091-z
We define a list of deep-sea essential ecological variables (DEEVs) needed for developing a holistic approach in deep-sea ecosystem management and conservation: (1) biodiversity: water column and

https://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals/habitats/deep-sea
The largest ecosystem on Earth lies between the ocean's sunlit upper layers and the distant floor of the deep sea. Here in the midwater, beginning at a depth of about 660 feet (200 m), species must adapt to a world with little to no light, and no solid boundaries.

https://ocean.si.edu/ocean-life
Explore the diversity and evolution of ocean life, from ancient seas to modern coral reefs, with stunning images and videos.

https://climatesociety.climate.columbia.edu/news/rolling-deep-climate-change-and-deep-sea-ecosystems
Deep sea ecosystems are part of a vast oceanic-planetary regulatory system. Through deep ocean mixing (mixing of waters of different temperatures and densities), the deep sea helps drive ocean currents. The deep sea also absorbs heat and atmospheric CO2. In this way, the deep sea acts as a buffer from the effects of climate change.

https://www.usgs.gov/centers/eesc/science/deep-sea-coral-ecosystems
Deep-Sea Coral Ecosystems. Although out of sight to most, a diverse array of coral species thrive deep below the photic zone off U.S. coasts and worldwide. Deep-sea corals can be found at depths greater than 50m, where sunlight does not penetrate. Similar to shallow-water corals, larger sea fan and reef-forming deep-sea coral species create

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aad0126
The regulating capacity of the deep sea slows climate change while recycling nutrients for surface ecosystems, thus supporting food provision and providing economic and societal benefits (1, 2). However, because the deep ocean is vast and expensive to access, most of its species have not yet been described ( 4 ).

https://animals.howstuffworks.com/marine-life/deep-sea-creatures.htm
Far below the ocean's surface, in the dark depths of the deep sea floor ecosystem (about 3,000 feet or 1,000 meters deep), exists an entire world of deep sea creatures that humans rarely glimpse.. It's one of the planet's largest ecosystems, but remains relatively unexplored. Here are some of the deep-sea animals that we do know something about.

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature17937
The deep ocean is the largest and least-explored ecosystem on Earth, and a uniquely energy-poor environment. The distribution, drivers and origins of deep-sea biodiversity remain unknown at global

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2095927322003000
1. Introduction. The deep sea has been documented as the largest biome on Earth, with an extensive 326 million km 2 of deep seafloor, yet little knowledge of the organisms and ecosystems in this dark and hidden depth was known to date [1].In contrast to the land and shallow-sea environment, the deep sea is a unique environment characterized by high pressure, high/low temperature, limited light

https://news.bloomberglaw.com/environment-and-energy/tesla-shareholders-vote-no-on-deep-sea-mining-moratorium
Tesla Shareholders Vote No on Deep Sea Mining Moratorium. Tesla Inc. investors agreed to Elon Musk's $56 billion pay package on Thursday, but declined to agree to a moratorium on sourcing electric vehicle battery metals from deep sea ecosystems. Activist investors had pushed the carmaker to join other industry leaders in considering the