https://www.sciencenews.org/article/astronomy-great-debate-island-universe-milky-way
On that date, American astronomers Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis articulated opposing views on the scope of the cosmos. Today astronomers know that the Milky Way, huge as it is, is a mere drop

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Debate_(astronomy)
Great Debate (astronomy) The Great Debate, also called the Shapley-Curtis Debate, was held on 26 April 1920 at the Smithsonian Museum of Natural History, between the astronomers Harlow Shapley and Heber Curtis. It concerned the nature of so-called spiral nebulae and the size of the universe. Shapley believed that these nebulae were relatively

https://www.astronomy.com/science/the-great-debate-of-shapley-and-curtis-100-years-later/
An infrared view of the center of the Milky Way. When it comes to polarized opinions, astronomers can be just as guilty as the rest of us. A century ago, the energetic and ambitious scientist

https://www.space.com/how-galaxies-form
On top of that, the most distant galaxies — which, due to the finite speed at which light travels, ... "The Formation of the Milky Way: Two Opposing Models". Futurism (2014).

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-00594-8
The researchers also estimate that dwarf galaxies were abundant enough up to one billion years after the Big Bang to have ionized the entire Universe, even if 5% of their ionizing radiation

https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/research/topic/galaxy-clusters
Galaxy Clusters. Galaxy clusters are the largest objects in the universe that are held together by their own gravity. They contain hundreds or thousands of galaxies, lots of hot plasma, and a large amount of invisible dark matter. The Perseus Cluster, for example, has more than a thousand galaxies and is one of the most luminous sources of X

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/jwsts-puzzling-early-galaxies-dont-break-cosmology-but-they-do-bend-astrophysics/
The older galaxies it found there were still quite young and strange: they were about one-thirtieth the size of the Milky Way (much bigger than expected) and had star-formation rates that must

https://www.e-education.psu.edu/astro801/content/l9_p2.html
One observation was made shortly after the Great Debate that conclusively settled the debate on the nature of the spiral nebulae. Using the 100-inch telescope on Mount Wilson, Edwin Hubble took images of M31, the Andromeda Nebula. He discovered that M31 was composed of stars, and he even identified several Cepheid variable stars useful for

https://www.ft.com/content/128ea9a2-5544-4e3c-b23b-874d5a9190b0
That scythe-shaped curve of galaxies is bigger than the Big Ring, stretching more than 3bn light-years nose to tail. Those dimensions matter: both exceed 1.2bn light years in size, sometimes

https://www.nasa.gov/universe/radio-telescopes-capture-best-ever-snapshot-of-black-hole-jets/
The enormous energy output of galaxies like Cen A comes from gas falling toward a black hole weighing millions of times the sun's mass. Through processes not fully understood, some of this infalling matter is ejected in opposing jets at a substantial fraction of the speed of light. Detailed views of the jet's structure will help astronomers

https://www.nasa.gov/missions/roman-space-telescope/a-new-understanding-of-galaxy-evolution-with-nasas-roman-space-telescope/
The expansion of the universe stretches light from distant galaxies to longer, redder wavelengths - a phenomenon called redshift. The more distant a galaxy is, the greater its redshift. Roman's infrared detectors are ideal for capturing light from those galaxies. More distant galaxies are also fainter and harder to spot.

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-black-holes-shape-galaxies-stars-planets-around-them/
The fact that there are any galaxies like the Milky Way in the universe at this cosmic time is intimately linked with the opposing processes of gravitational agglomeration of matter and the

https://www.astronomynotes.com/galaxy/s2.htm
There was a big controversy in the 1910s and early 1920s over whether the nebulae called galaxies were outside the Milky Way or were part of it. There was so much controversy that the National Academy of Sciences held a debate between the opposing sides in 1920.

https://theconversation.com/do-we-live-in-a-giant-void-it-could-solve-the-puzzle-of-the-universes-expansion-216687
When we measure the expansion rate using nearby galaxies and supernovas (exploding stars), it is 10% larger than when we predict it based on the CMB. In our new paper, we present one possible

https://futurism.com/the-formation-of-the-milky-way-two-opposing-models
There are two main opposing theories come into play, and they go under a few different names: Top-Down vs Bottom-Up. Top-Down Model. There are two main models for galaxy formation, and one of

https://www.nasa.gov/universe/nasas-webb-will-explore-the-cores-of-merging-galaxies/
Webb's high-resolution, infrared instruments will allow researchers to resolve the central star-forming regions for the first time. "We are aiming to observe areas as small as 150 to 300 light-years across," said Evans. "For context, these galaxies span hundreds of millions of light-years across. Webb will strip away all the dust and

https://science.nasa.gov/universe/what-happens-when-something-gets-too-close-to-a-black-hole/
This is a phenomenon known as "pancake detonation" that primarily happens with supermassive black holes. In this phenomenon, stars that get too close to these black holes will be flattened and compressed by tidal forces. This short-lived "pancake" distortion is followed by an explosive release of thermonuclear energy.

https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn13161-galaxys-spiral-arms-point-in-opposite-directions/
Astronomers are puzzling over a spiral galaxy whose spiral arms are wrapped in opposing directions. The unusual structure may be a lingering scar from a tussle with a smaller galaxy that was

https://www.cfa.harvard.edu/research/topic/galaxy-formation-and-evolution
Galaxies are home to most of the stars in the universe, and they form the beads of the cosmic jewelry that defines structure on the largest scales. But galaxies haven't always been around, and they have changed over the universe's 13.8 billion-year history. Astronomers study the ways galaxies form and evolve by comparing the different shapes across the history of the cosmos, and tracing

https://amblin.com/movie/evolution/
Release Date: June 8, 2001. Ivan Reitman, who made "ghostbusting" a household word with his smash hit comedies Ghostbusters and Ghostbusters II, now takes on the theory of Evolution. The comedy follows the chaos that ensues when a meteor hits Earth carrying alien life forms that give new meaning to the term "survival of the fittest.".

https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/2024/news-2024-108
The new Webb observations include five host galaxies of eight Type Ia supernovae containing a total of 1,000 Cepheids, and reach out to the farthest galaxy where Cepheids have been well measured - NGC 5468 - at a distance of 130 million light-years. "This spans the full range where we made measurements with Hubble.

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/new-image-of-our-galaxys-biggest-black-hole-previews-whats-next-for-globe/
Swirling magnetic field lines surround Sagittarius A*, the Milky Way's supermassive black hole, as seen in polarized light in this new image from the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) collaboration.

https://amblin.com/movie/galaxy-quest/
Agents K and J, members of a top-secret organization established to monitor alien activity on Earth, find themselves in the middle of the deadly plot by an intergalactic threat that has arrived on Earth to assassinate two ambassadors from opposing galaxies.