https://geekymedics.com/mechanism-of-labour/
Learn the key stages of labour, fetal movements and pelvic anatomy for OSCEs and MCQs. This guide covers descent, engagement, flexion, internal rotation, crowning, extension, external rotation and restitution with diagrams and examples.

https://oacapps.med.jhmi.edu/OBGYN-101/Text/Labor%20and%20Delivery/mechanism_of_normal_labor.htm
Mechanism of Normal Labor. There are five classical steps in the normal mechanism of labor. They are: Descent. Flexion. Internal Rotation. Extension. External Rotation. Usually, labor progresses in this fashion, if the fetus is of average size, with a normally positioned head, in a normal labor pattern in a woman whose pelvis is of average size

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK544290/
Labor is the process through which a fetus and placenta are delivered from the uterus through the vagina.[1] Human labor divides into three stages. The first stage is further divided into two phases. Successful labor involves three factors: maternal efforts and uterine contractions, fetal characteristics, and pelvic anatomy.[1] This triad is classically referred to as the passenger, power, and

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/260036-overview
The mechanisms of labor, also known as the cardinal movements, are described in relation to a vertex presentation, as is the case in 95% of all pregnancies. Although labor and delivery occurs in a continuous fashion, the cardinal movements are described as 7 discrete sequences, as discussed below.

https://teachmephysiology.com/reproductive-system/pregnancy/labour/
Learn about the physiological process of labour, from initiation to delivery, and the hormonal and mechanical factors involved. Explore the three stages of labour, the role of oxytocin, and the changes in the uterus and cervix.

https://library.med.utah.edu/kw/human_reprod/lectures/physiology_labor/
Learn about the characteristics, mechanisms, and phases of uterine contractions and labor in this lecture series by a professor of OB/GYN. Understand the definitions, indications, and abnormalities of labor and delivery.

https://www.obstetrics-gynaecology-journal.com/article/S1751-7214(23)00043-X/fulltext
Normal labour reflects the culmination of several complex and complimentary processes, relying on hormonal, biochemical and mechanical interdependence. The four phases of parturition (quiescence, activation, stimulation and involution) in short reflect the transition from gestation to initiation and propagation of labour, delivery of the fetus and placenta, and recovery to the non-pregnant state.

https://www.osmosis.org/learn/Stages_of_labor
Summary. Labor is the process by which the fetus and placenta leave a woman's uterus, thereby ending the pregnancy. It occurs roughly 40 weeks after the beginning of the last menstrual period. Vaginal delivery involves three stages of labor: the shortening and opening of the cervix, descent and birth of the baby, and the delivery of the placenta.

https://obgyn.mhmedical.com/content.aspx?bookid=1247&sectionid=75161741
The mechanism of labor as we know it today was described first by William Smellie during the 18th century. It is the way the baby adapts itself to and passes through the maternal pelvis. There are six movements, with considerable overlapping: + +

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1751721419302301
The mechanical challenge of labour is overcome when progressive, effective contractions occur in conjunction with satisfactory fetal and maternal pelvic dimensions. Clinically, there are three stages in the management of normal labour, reflecting cervical dilatation up to 4 cm, delivery of the fetus, and the placenta, respectively.

https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/labor-and-delivery/in-depth/stages-of-labor/art-20046545
Stage 1: Early labor and active labor. Cervical effacement and dilation. The first stage of labor and birth occurs when you begin to feel persistent contractions. These contractions become stronger, more regular and more frequent over time. They cause the cervix to open (dilate) and soften as well as shorten and thin (efface) to allow your baby

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-19-6145-8_2
Learn about the complex interaction of uterine activity, foetal presentation and maternal pelvis in labour and delivery. This chapter covers the six cardinal movements, the normal progression of labour, the partogram and the role of ultrasound in labour.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/best-practice-in-labour-and-delivery/pelvic-and-fetal-cranial-anatomy-and-mechanism-of-labour/E78582EBBD68EF69C4167CC6C28E4E70
Chapter 1 Pelvic and fetal cranial anatomy and mechanism of labour; Chapter 2 The first stage of labour; Chapter 3 Analgesia and anaesthesia in labour; Chapter 4 Intrapartum fetal surveillance; 5 Uterine contractions; Chapter 6 The management of intrapartum 'fetal distress' Chapter 7 Nutrition and hydration in labour

https://pressbooks.ccconline.org/bio106/chapter/physiology-of-labor/
72. Physiology of Labor. Childbirth, or parturition, typically occurs within a week of a woman's due date, unless the woman is pregnant with more than one fetus, which usually causes her to go into labor early. As a pregnancy progresses into its final weeks, several physiological changes occur in response to hormones that trigger labor.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1115220/
The precise mechanisms of these changes remain obscure. Changes in the ratio of oestrogen to progesterone, fetal steroid secretion, and changes in the tension of the uterine wall as the fetus grows probably all play a part. ... The ABC of Labour Care is edited by Geoffrey Chamberlain, emeritus professor of obstetrics and gynaecology at the

https://microbenotes.com/childbirth-labor-process/
Mechanism of labor. The exact events leading up to the onset of labor are still not fully understood. For the baby to arrive, two things must happen: the muscles in the womb and abdominal wall have to contract and the cervix needs to soften, or ripen, allowing passage of the baby from the womb to the outside world.

https://www.obstetrics-gynaecology-journal.com/article/S0957-5847(04)00081-2/fulltext
The mechanism of labour in a face presentation is descent with increasing extension followed by internal rotation when the chin reaches the pelvic floor. If rotation occurs to mentoanterior then the chin escapes under the symphysis, and flexion of the neck completes delivery of the head. Restitution and delivery by lateral flexion of the body

https://patient.info/pregnancy/labour-childbirth
Labour is the process of childbirth from contractions of your womb to delivery of your baby. It normally happens any time between 37 and 42 weeks of pregnancy, on average around the 40th week. There are three 'stages' of labour; the first involves regular muscle contractions that pull the neck of the womb (cervix) wide open, the second involves

https://www.ajog.org/article/S0002-9378(22)00460-4/fulltext
The second stage of labor extends from complete cervical dilatation to delivery. During this stage, descent and rotation of the presenting part occur as the fetus passively negotiates its passage through the birth canal. Generally, descent begins during the deceleration phase of dilatation as the cervix is drawn upward around the fetal presenting part. The most common means of assessing the

https://www.obstetrics-gynaecology-journal.com/article/S1751-7214(19)30230-1/fulltext
Normal labour is a complex process involving hormonal, biochemical and mechanical interdependence. There are four phases of parturition: quiescence, activation, stimulation and involution. These reflect the transition from the maintenance of myometrial acontractility and cervical structural integrity, to progressive uterine contractions, cervical effacement and dilatation, delivery of the

https://obgyn.azurewebsites.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/02/gabbe-normal-labor.pdf
This chapter describes the physiology and normal characteristics of term labor and delivery. The physiology of labor initiation has not been com-pletely elucidated, but the putative mechanisms have been well reviewed by Liao and colleagues.1 Labor initia-tion is species-specific, and the mechanisms in human labor are unique.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41599-024-03333-6
The influence mechanisms of robot applications on labor migration were analyzed by considering variables such as age, initial skill level, vocational skill level, mobility, and economic

https://www.obstetrics-gynaecology-journal.com/article/S1751-7214(10)00076-X/fulltext
The mechanism of labour for breech presentation involves descent, internal rotation of the buttocks and descent of the bitrochanteric diameter in the anteroposterior diameter. The hip is delivered under the symphysis pubis by lateral flexion of the body and restitution occurs once the posterior buttock is delivered. Internal rotation of the

https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-trafficking-in-persons-report/
Governments should strongly encourage employers to provide mechanisms so workers can advocate for their rights, discuss workplace issues of concern and interest, and communicate grievances, even if that takes place outside a formal union mechanism. Such mechanisms are essential to preventing forced labor, as they position workers, including

https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/business/2998979-50-major-national-level-strikes-averted-through-labour-ministrys-conciliation-processes
The Tripartite Mechanism involves officials from the Chief Labour Commissioner, Unions and the organisation against which the strike is called. More than 55,000 employees benefited from these conciliation processes carried out by the Office of the Chief Labour Commissioner (C) under the Ministry of Labour and Employment, Government of India.

https://www.obstetrics-gynaecology-journal.com/article/S1751-7214(19)30230-1/pdf
Normal labour is a complex process involving hormonal, biochemical and mechanical interdependence. There are four phases of parturition: quiescence, activation, stimulation and involution. These reflect the transition from the maintenance of myometrial acontractility and cervi-cal structural integrity, to progressive uterine contractions