https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ayql0E0-L3E
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https://www.physiotutors.com/wiki/muscle-cramps-explained/
Massage and stretching reduce spinal reflex excitability without affecting twitch contractile properties. Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 2013 Oct 1;23 (5):1215-21. Muscle cramps can be explained by science by two different models. Read this post to learn more about the background & treatment of cramps.

https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2019-aug-july/muscle-cramps
What Is a Muscle Cramp? A muscle cramp is a hyperexcitable neurologic phenomena of excessive, involuntary muscle contractions. 1,2 It is important to distinguish between myogenic and neurogenic muscle cramps, because each has unique pathophysiology and management. 3 The conventional definition of a muscle cramp is a painful contraction of a muscle or muscle group, relieved by contraction of

https://www.livescience.com/muscle-cramps.html
Researchers have hypothesized that exercise cramps might be caused by electrolyte imbalance or dehydration, but that's primarily based on anecdotal evidence. Many experts agree that the strongest

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499895/
Muscle cramps result in continuous, involuntary, painful, and localized contraction of an entire muscle group, individual single muscle, or select muscle fibers. Generally, the cramp can last from minutes to a few seconds for idiopathic or known causes with healthy subjects or in the presence of diseases. Palpating the muscle area of the cramp will present a knot.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6901412/
Muscle cramp is a temporary but intense and painful involuntary contraction of skeletal muscle that can occur in many different situations. The causes of, and cures for, the cramps that occur during or soon after exercise remain uncertain, although there is evidence that some cases may be associated with disturbances of water and salt balance, while others appear to involve sustained abnormal

https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/muscle-cramp/symptoms-causes/syc-20350820
A muscle cramp is a sudden, unexpected tightening of one or more muscles. Sometimes called a charley horse, a muscle cramp can be very painful. Exercising or working hard, especially in heat, can lead to muscle cramps. Some medicines and illnesses also might cause muscle cramps. Muscle cramps aren't usually harmful.

https://www.runnersblueprint.com/explained-the-science-behind-leg-muscle-cramps-while-running/
In fact, research shows that around 40 percent of long-distance athletes suffer from these pesky cramps, often targeting the calves, hamstrings, and quadriceps, just when they're about to cross the glorious finish line. But let's delve into the nitty-gritty of these leg muscle cramps and uncover the science behind this villainous phenomenon.

https://pn.bmj.com/content/23/1/23
Muscle cramps are painful, sudden, involuntary muscle contractions that are generally self-limiting. They are often part of the spectrum of normal human physiology and can be associated with a wide range of acquired and inherited causes. Cramps are only infrequently due to progressive systemic or neuromuscular diseases. Contractures can mimic cramps and are defined as shortenings of the muscle

https://www.mysportscience.com/post/what-causes-muscle-cramps-in-exercise
Disturbed electrolyte balance and hydration status. This is the classical explanation for muscle cramps, that dehydration and loss of electrolytes through sweating can cause muscle cramps. Because electrolytes are required for proper muscle function, including contracting and relaxing, electrolyte depletion (both in the blood and the muscle

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/muscle-spasms-muscle-cramps
What are muscle spasms (muscle cramps)? Muscle spasms (also called muscle cramps) occur when your muscle involuntarily and forcibly contracts uncontrollably and can't relax. Muscle spasms are normal and quite common. They can involve part or all of a muscle or several muscles in a group. You can get muscle spasms anywhere in your body.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8775277/
Heat cramps is a common but inaccurate term for EAMCs. Exercise-associated muscle cramps are not related to body temperature; they occur in a variety of ambient conditions and environments, are not associated with passive heating, and are not immediately relieved by the application of cooling modalities. 4 - 6 Similarly, spasms, contractures, tics, fasciculations, and tremors are inaccurate

https://www.unm.edu/~lkravitz/Article%20folder/musclecramps.html
Muscles cramps are abrupt, harsh, involuntary muscle contractions that can cause mild-to-severe agony and immobility (Minetto et al.,2013). Minetto and colleagues add that muscle cramps usually self-extinguish within seconds to minutes but may be accompanied with a knotting of the affected muscle. They occur in healthy people during exercise

https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/symptoms-of-neurologic-disorders/muscle-cramps
A muscle cramp (charley horse) is a sudden, brief, involuntary, painful contraction of a muscle or group of muscles. Cramps commonly occur in healthy people (usually middle-aged and older adults), sometimes during rest, but particularly during or after exercise or at night (including during sleep). Leg cramps at night usually occur in the calf

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/medicine-and-dentistry/muscle-cramp
A muscle cramp is a sudden, severe, and involuntary muscle contraction or over-shortening. It can cause mild-to-severe pain, and a paralysis-like immobility. Usually, it resolves on its own over several seconds, minutes, or in the worst scenario after several hours. In the healthy adult population, the incidence of muscle cramping is 50-60%.

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-causes-leg-cramps/
Traditionally, such cramping was believed to arise from dehydration, electrolyte imbalances (including magnesium, potassium and sodium), accumulation of lactic acid, or low cellular energy levels

https://www.physio-pedia.com/Muscle_Cramps
Muscle cramps are mostly idiopathic, commonly affecting the calf muscles and/or foot. Muscle cramps are usually short-lived and self-limited, but may be results from varieties of serious systematic disorders. Physical examination and review of medical history can rather quickly and simply rule out cramps caused by pathologies.

https://biology.stackexchange.com/questions/7847/what-is-the-cause-of-muscle-cramps
Muscle cramps are primarily caused by a lack of ATP in the body. ATP forces the myosin to release the actin; thus, the muscle relaxes and the cramp is relieved. Another cause could be the lack of magnesium, which helps the ATPase sodium/potassium pump, which, in turn, returns the voltage to resting potential and relaxes the muscle. Share.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=syvKmobPQrM
Neurologist Andrea Kühn discusses the causes of cramps and treatment options. She's a specialist for a condition called dytonia and its long-term treatment.M

https://journals.lww.com/acsm-essr/Fulltext/2013/01000/Origin_and_Development_of_Muscle_Cramps.3.aspx
The experimental elicitation of cramps by stimulation methods provided some general observations on the nature of cramps. First, the critical factor for cramp induction is the frequency of the stimulation burst (3,11,13,14,18,19,27) that thus can be used as a measure of the susceptibility to cramps.Second, some muscles are more susceptible to electrically elicited cramps than others

https://www.brainfacts.org/thinking-sensing-and-behaving/pain/2020/what-causes-muscle-cramps-070220
A cramp is an involuntary, sustained contraction of muscle fibers. If you're, say, curling your bicep, you perform that action by contracting and shortening the muscle fibers in your arm. Muscle movements are controlled by motor neurons, which connect the brain's movement centers to the muscles via the spinal cord.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3445088/
Abstract. Exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMC) are a common condition experienced by recreational and competitive athletes. Despite their commonality and prevalence, their cause remains unknown. Theories for the cause of EAMC are primarily based on anecdotal and observational studies rather than sound experimental evidence.

https://www.risescience.com/blog/magnesium-for-leg-cramps-at-night
Heads-up: Nocturnal leg cramps and restless leg syndrome are similar conditions, but they're not quite the same. Nocturnal leg cramps: These are sudden painful cramps that can happen in the calf muscle and sometimes the thighs or feet at night. They can last a few seconds to 10 minutes, and you might feel lingering pain afterward that lasts

https://www.menshealth.com/uk/nutrition/a61168402/supplement-england-footballers-are-taking-at-the-euros/
Research published in Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise investigated these effects.It found that pickle juice significantly shortens muscle cramp duration in mildly dehydrated participants.

https://bmcsportsscimedrehabil.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13102-024-00923-4
The relative hamstring strength in the Biodex test explained 32.5-43.6% of the hop performance, whereas the relative hamstring strength in the NordBord explained 15.2-23.0%. Thus, our findings suggest that relative hamstring strength, especially in the hip-flexed position may be a better indicator of hop performance at 8 and 12 months after

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK376/
Some cramps remain benign and mysterious; others are of a more definite nature and respond to specific therapy. Ordinary muscle cramps are characterized by a painfully hard, palpable contraction of explosive onset, at times preceded or followed by brief twitches, which usually involves one muscle at a time.

https://www.nytimes.com/2024/06/17/weather/heat-wave-plains-northeast.html
Mild heat illnesses can lead to heat rash, swelling in the hands and feet and muscle cramps while heat exhaustion can cause headache, nausea, vomiting and dizziness.