https://www.britannica.com/science/exine
Exine is the outer and most durable layer of pollen, composed of sporopollenin. Learn about exine and other aspects of pollen and flower structure, such as intine, androecium, gynoecium, and inflorescence.

https://byjus.com/biology/what-is-the-difference-between-exine-and-intine/
Learn the difference between exine and intine, the two layers of a pollen grain. Exine is the outer layer of sporopollenin, while intine is the inner layer of pectin and cellulose.

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/exine
Exine is the outer layer of some spores and pollen grains, derived from Greek in- meaning tendon. Learn more about its etymology, first known use, and related words from Merriam-Webster.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollen
The exine often bears spines or warts, or is variously sculptured, and the character of the markings is often of value for identifying genus, species, or even cultivar or individual. The spines may be less than a micron in length (spinulus, plural spinuli) referred to as spinulose (scabrate), or longer than a micron (echina, echinae) referred

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/agricultural-and-biological-sciences/exine
Exine is the outer layer of pollen and spore cells, composed of sporopollenin, a polymer of carotenoids or fatty acids. Learn about the structure, composition, and applications of exine in microencapsulation, drug delivery, and pollen analysis.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781119312994.apr0625
The deposition and assembly of exine, the outer layer of the pollen wall, lead to the formation of patterns on the pollen surface that are species specific, tremendously diverse, and often very beautiful. These patterns arise due to exine's assembly into various nano- and microstructures, and due to the absence of exine deposition at certain

https://www.encyclopedia.com/earth-and-environment/ecology-and-environmentalism/environmental-studies/exine
Exine is the outer, decay-resistant coat of a pollen grain or spore, composed of sporopollenin, an inert polymer. It is used for identifying and analyzing vegetation composition of peats and sedimentary deposits.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-021-00951-9
Pollen grains of flowering plants are surrounded by a robust wall, called exine. In most species, exine is deposited on the pollen surface non-uniformly, with certain regions of the surface

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41477-018-0330-7
A distinct feature of pollen gains is their resistant outer wall, called the exine, which is mainly composed of sporopollenin, the toughest biopolymer known to date despite an unknown detailed

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-41787-0_6
The pollen wall consists of two layers, the outer exine and the inner intine, that protect and recognize the pollen grains. The exine is composed of sporopollenin and is derived from the tapetal cells, while the intine is synthesized by the microspore.

https://www.dictionary.com/browse/exine
Exine definition: the outer coat of a spore, especially a pollen grain.. See examples of EXINE used in a sentence.

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-7091-9079-1_2
This chapter reviews the fundamental structure of the pollen exine, a three-dimensional network of sporopollenin, and its interaction with microchannels and white-line-centred lamellations. It also discusses the reversible system of exine units and the role of cytoskeleton and glycolemma in exine formation.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sporopollenin
Sporopollenin. Sporopollenin is a biological polymer found as a major component of the tough outer (exine) walls of plant spores and pollen grains. It is chemically very stable (one of the most inert among biopolymers) [1] and is usually well preserved in soils and sediments. The exine layer is often intricately sculptured in species-specific

https://www.cell.com/molecular-plant/fulltext/S1674-2052(23)00245-9
Pollen grains are covered by a complex multi-layered structure, the pollen wall. Exine, the outermost layer of this wall, is made from the biopolymer sporopollenin that exhibits remarkable physical and chemical stability. In different plants, exine, which shields pollen from harsh environmental stresses, has very diverse morphologies and forms different patterns (Wang and Dobritsa, 2018). It

https://www.britannica.com/science/pollen
Most pollen grains consist of three distinct parts. The central cytoplasmic part is the source of nuclei responsible for fertilization. The other parts constituting the wall of the grain are an inner layer, the intine, and an outer layer, the exine.The intine consists, at least in part, of cellulose or hemicellulose.The outer and most durable layer, the exine, is very resistant to

https://www.biologydiscussion.com/plant-anatomy/pollen-and-spore-walls/layers-of-the-spore-and-pollen-wall-plants/68926
Exine is the outermost layer of angiosperm pollen where perine is absent. Exine is not uniformly thick throughout the circumference. It is thinner at apertural region. This layer has two well-developed subdivisions - sexine and nexine. v. Sexine: Sexine is the peripheral layer of exine. It is sculpted according to taxon-specific manner.

https://molgen.osu.edu/sites/default/files/apr0625-Review-final-compressed.pdf
Exine is the outer layer of the pollen wall that forms complex and diverse patterns on the pollen surface. This article reviews the current knowledge about the formation, roles, and molecular mechanisms of exine and aperture patterns in plant reproduction.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/molecular-and-cellular-aspects-of-plant-reproduction/pollen-exine-the-sporopollenin-enigma-and-the-physics-of-pattern/6611A571AD6E295DDAEE50917F2B4FDB
Learn about the exine, the outer wall of pollen grains that protects the male gametophyte and enables its dispersal. Explore the chemical and physical properties of sporopollenin, the main component of exine, and its role in plant reproduction and fossilization.

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-06511-3_4
Exine generally contains nexine, bacula, and tectum (Fig. 1c-f) (Zhang et al. 2011). Arabidopsis exine has a thin nexine layer, a semi-open tectum layer, and a longer baculum (Fig. 1c, e) compared with rice in which its pollen exine has a thick tectum and nexine and a high density of bacula (Fig. 1d, f). 2.2 Formation of Exine

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Exine-and-Aperture-Patterns-on-the-Pollen-Surface:-Wang-Dobritsa/b2a445e3a70520f12c106c0caa70c0fd35ed6fa2
The current state of knowledge about the exine and aperture patterns, their perceived roles in plant reproduction, and the cellular and molecular mechanisms that guide their formation are reviewed. Pollen grains, the male gametophytes of seed plants, surround themselves with a complex pollen wall for protection from various environmental stresses. The deposition and assembly of exine, the

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsif.2018.0533
The exine is the tough outer solid wall that often bears spines, bumps or grooves and exhibits an enormous species-specific diversity of morphology due to the size and shape of these surface features. The intine, made of cellulose, is a thin wall just inside the exine surrounding the generative cells inside the pollen shell. The exine

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-25979-6_13
Exine , the most complex layer of the pollen wall, contains two layers, the inner nexine and the outer sexine. The nexine is a bilayer structure, consisting of nexine I (foot layer) and nexine II (endexine) (Ariizumi and Toriyama 2011), and the sexine is composed of tectum and bacula (Zhang et al. 2011; Li and Zhang 2010).

https://www.biologydiscussion.com/plant-anatomy/exince-in-pollen-and-spore-walls-plants/68839
Exine is mainly composed of sporopollenin. Apart from sporopollenin glycoproteins are present in the chambers formed by bacula in tectate pollen. It is important in pollen-stigma interaction. The presence of glycocalyces (sing, glycocalyx) is reported from exine. Glycocalyx forms a fine layer on the outer surface of many cells.