https://wirelesspi.com/what-is-carrier-frequency-offset-cfo-and-how-it-distorts-the-rx-symbols/
Angular frequency is the rate of change of phase of a sinusoidal waveform with units of radians/second. 2πf = Δθ Δt 2 π f = Δ θ Δ t. where Δθ Δ θ and Δt Δ t are the changes in phase and time, respectively. A Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) usually arises due to two reasons. The video below also explains this concept.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_frequency_offset
Carrier frequency offset (CFO) is one of many non-ideal conditions that may affect in baseband receiver design. In designing a baseband receiver, we should notice not only the degradation invoked by non-ideal channel and noise, we should also regard RF and analog parts as the main consideration. Those non-idealities include sampling clock offset, IQ imbalance, power amplifier, phase noise and

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/computer-science/carrier-frequency-offset
Wireless communications systems have evolved with adopting new technologies to bring innovative enhancement to their performance. Meanwhile, the issue of Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO) still matters to recent wireless communications systems when it aims to achieve good performance in a low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) regime [1]. While

https://arxiv.org/pdf/1507.02032
wireless communication systems that spans the last five years (2010-2014). This is not an easy task given the large number ... strong coupling between channel and carrier frequency offset ... (Comp) their effect on system bit-error-rate (BER) perfor-mance, 'N/A' stands for not applicable, and 'Bound' column

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-32437-7_6
1.2 Effects of Carrier Frequency Offset and Phase Noise in OFDM. Although the sources of CFO and PN are different, they can be included in a single OFDM frequency domain model. ... J. Rinne, Phase noise modelling and mitigation techniques in OFDM communications systems, in 2009 Wireless Telecommunications Symposium (2009), pp. 1-7. Google Scholar

https://scholarworks.boisestate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1321&context=electrical_facpubs
integer/fractional frequency offset estimation (in terms of OFDMA), coarse/fine frequency offset estimation (in terms of CDMA), residual frequency offset tracking, etc. Major advances in timing and carrier synchroniza-tion such as pilot-symbol-assisted modulation [18] are used in present-day cellular networks to achieve car-

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-031-01513-7_4.pdf
4.1 CARRIER SYNCHRONIZATION ERROR. Frequency offsets are typically introduced by a (small) frequency mismatch in the local oscillators of the transmitter and the receiver. Doppler shifts can also induce a slight frequency change of the carrier frequency [40] and hence, lead to frequency mismatch.

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-031-01513-7_4
In fact, the sensitivity to timing and carrier offset errors is higher in OFDM systems than in single carrier systems [34]. Transmitted signals are provided with timing, frequency, and phase reference parameters to assist with synchronization at the receiver. Proper detection at the receiver requires knowledge of these parameters.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016003221006529
In a typical wireless system, the accuracy of the local oscillator is usually in the order of parts-per-million (ppm) of the carrier frequency. For example, frequency allocation for fifth generation ( 5G ) communication systems includes millimeter wave ( mmWave ) bands that may have large frequency offsets (5 ppm at 52 GHz is a 260 KHz CFO

https://dl.acm.org/doi/10.1155/2009/802425
Effects of carrier frequency offset, timing offset, and channel spread factor on the performance of hexagonal multicarrier modulation systems ... R. M. Buehrer, and W. H. Tranter, "Wireless communications: past events and a future perspective," IEEE Communications Magazine, vol. 40, no. 5, pp. 148-161, 2002. ... (FBMC) systems to carrier

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/10107486
The carrier frequency offset (CFO) estimation is a crucial problem in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems, especially for the enabling technologies in the Internet of Things, which demand stringent limitations of low cost, low power consumption, and wide ranges, like wireless sensor networks. In this letter, we propose an efficient CFO estimation method for OFDM systems

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0141933121000041
1. Introduction. Several ultra-wide band (UWB) schemes namely transmitted reference systems [1] and impulse radios [2] contribute better diverse accuracy, improved pervasion over barriers, increased bit rate, and higher frequency or multipath variations. Because of larger bandwidth, these systems can function at lower power spectral density (PSD) which permits superimpose with additional lower

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Effect-of-Carrier-Frequency-Offset-on-Offset-QAM-Sourck-Wu/2e7b264a39316455a28d2a2cf3916d3ad86b6b58
An analysis of the effect of carrier frequency offset (CFO) on offset QAM (OQAM) multicarrier filter bank (MCFB) systems, also known as staggered modulated multitone (SMT), over frequency-selective channels shows that with increasing number of subcarriers, both of accurate and approximated forms of SIR as a function of CFO over Frequency Selective channels converge to that over AWGN channels.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9872995
Massive Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (Massive MIMO-OFDM) plays a crucial role in wireless communication networks. However, the massive MIMO-OFDM wireless communication system's performance is affected by Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO), which breaks the orthogonality among the subcarriers. This paper proposes a pilot-based CFO estimation and

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/3234718_The_effect_of_carrier_frequency_offsets_on_downlink_and_uplink_MC-DS-CDMA
Finally, we show that the downlink degradations of MC-DS-CDMA and fully loaded MC-CDMA are the same, provided that for both systems the ratio of frequency offset to carrier spacing is the same

https://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jece/papers/Vol.%209%20Issue%204/Version-4/A09440106.pdf
Keywords: Carrier Frequency Offset (CFO), Cyclic Prefix (CP), Inter-carrier Interference (ICI), Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) I. Introduction As high data rate transmission is one of the major challenges in modern wireless communications, there is a substantial need for a higher frequency bandwidth.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/7878023
The problem of carrier frequency and phase synchronization exists in most wireless digital communication systems. These offsets are generally results from the Doppler effect, oscillator instabilities, and unknown transmission delays between receiver and transmitter. In this paper, we propose a joint synchronization algorithm applicable for short-burst PSK modulation systems. In the coarse

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11277-007-9386-9
The impact of the carrier frequency offset (CFO) on the performance of a cellular multiuser system with respect to different subcarrier allocation schemes is analyzed. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a very robust transmission procedure in multipath and frequency selective radio channels.

https://jwcn-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com/articles/10.1155/2009/802425
Hexagonal multicarrier modulation (HMM) system is the technique of choice to overcome the impact of time-frequency dispersive transmission channel. This paper examines the effects of insufficient synchronization (carrier frequency offset, timing offset) on the amplitude and phase of the demodulated symbol by using a projection receiver in hexagonal multicarrier modulation systems. Furthermore

https://www.jncet.org/Manuscripts/Volume-6/Issue-2/Vol-6-issue-2-M-02.pdf
OFDM has been shown to be very efficient in wireless and wire line communication over broadband channels. Frequency offset is mismatch between transmitter frequency and receiver frequency. Frequency offset is produced by unstable receiver clock generator or Doppler Effect. OFDM systems are very sensitive to these frequency offsets.

https://www.telecomtrainer.com/ifo-integer-frequency-offset/
Integer frequency offset (IFO) is a type of frequency offset that arises in wireless communication systems due to the presence of a small residual carrier frequency offset. IFO is characterized by the fact that the frequency offset between the local oscillator and the received signal is a multiple of the subcarrier spacing.

https://dlnext.acm.org/doi/10.1016/j.phycom.2024.102299
Many time-varying channel estimation algorithms have been proposed for such systems, but none of them consider the effect of Doppler frequency offset (DFO) synchronization error, which can seriously degrade the accuracy of channel estimation, especially in the Rician fading channel for the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems.

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/6092918
Abstract: Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) technique serves as an important architecture for very high data rate short range wireless communication systems from Ultra-Wideband (UWB) to 60GHz millimeter wave systems for Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPANs). One of the bottleneck in implementing these high data rate systems is the demanding requirement for high-speed and high

https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/abstract/document/7878023
The problem of carrier frequency and phase synchronization exists in most wireless digital communication systems. These offsets are generally results from the Doppler effect, oscillator instabilities, and unknown transmission delays between receiver and transmitter. In this paper, we propose a joint synchronization algorithm applicable for short-burst PSK modulation systems. In the coarse