https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/24669-b-cells
There are two main types of B-cells: plasma cells and memory cells. Both types help protect you from infection and disease. Plasma cells: Plasma cells release antibodies in response to antigens. Once a B-cell becomes a mature plasma cell, it can release up to 2,000 antibodies per second. Plasma cells are also called plasmacytes or effector cells.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK26884/
B Cells and Antibodies. Vertebrates inevitably die of infection if they are unable to make antibodies. Antibodies defend us against infection by binding to viruses and microbial toxins, thereby inactivating them (see Figure 24-2 ). The binding of antibodies to invading pathogens also recruits various types of white blood cells and a system of

https://biologydictionary.net/b-cells/
Definition. B cells or B lymphocytes are part of the adaptive immune response. Once activated, these white blood cells produce antibodies. B lymphocytes have further roles as antigen-presenting cells and cytokine secretors. This cell type is classified into four main groups: transitional, naïve, plasma, and memory B cells.

https://openstax.org/books/anatomy-and-physiology-2e/pages/21-4-the-adaptive-immune-response-b-lymphocytes-and-antibodies
This section will look at these responses with B cells and antibody production. Because antibodies are easily obtained from blood samples, they are easy to follow and graph (Figure 21.24). As you will see from the figure, the primary response to an antigen (representing a pathogen) is delayed by several days. This is the time it takes for the B

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22971-antibodies
Antibodies are produced by B cells (specialized white blood cells). When an antigen comes into contact with a B cell, it causes the B cell to divide and clone. These cloned B cells — or plasma cells — release millions of antibodies into your bloodstream and lymph system. Antibodies are located in various areas of your body, including your

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B_cell
B cells, unlike the other two classes of lymphocytes, T cells and natural killer cells, express B cell receptors (BCRs) on their cell membrane. [1] BCRs allow the B cell to bind to a foreign antigen, against which it will initiate an antibody response. [1] B cell receptors are extremely specific, with all BCRs on a B cell recognizing the same

https://www.verywellhealth.com/b-cells-2252132
B-cells are a type of white blood cell or lymphocyte. They help fight infection by producing antibodies when your immune system detects an antigen, such as a virus particle, bacteria, or something else that it recognizes as foreign. B-cells can be either plasma cells or memory cells. Plasma cells produce antibodies in response to an infection.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4702236/
B-Lymphocyte Lineage Subsets. Three principal classes of B lymphocytes exist in mice and humans, classified on the basis of their ontogeny and anatomic localization: B1 and B2 B lymphocytes, consisting of the marginal zone (MZ) and follicular (FO) B cells (Figure 1).B1 lymphocytes arise from B1 progenitors in fetal liver and persist as a self-renewing population beyond the neonatal period

https://www.immunology.org/public-information/bitesized-immunology/cells/b-cells
B cells are at the centre of the adaptive humoral immune system and are responsible for mediating the production of antigen-specific immunoglobulin (Ig) directed against invasive pathogens (typically known as antibodies). The function of B cells was discovered in the 1960s by Max Cooper who demonstrated that antibody production was completely

https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/human-biology/immunology/v/b-lymphocytes-b-cells
About. Transcript. Learn about the role of B cells (B lymphocytes) in the humoral immune response. See how they are activated and produce antibodies that can recognize and bind to pathogens, leading to their destruction. The video also highlights the process of clonal selection and the importance of memory cells in immunity. Created by Sal Khan.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513460/
Immunoglobulins (Ig) or antibodies are glycoproteins produced by plasma cells. B cells are instructed by specific immunogens, for example, bacterial proteins, to differentiate into plasma cells. Plasma cells are protein-making cells participating in humoral immune responses against bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, cellular antigens, chemicals, and synthetic substances.[1] Immunoglobulins

https://www.nature.com/articles/nri3469
This communication between B cells and T cells — known as T cell-B cell cooperation 1 — is required for B cells to form germinal centres, to differentiate into high-affinity antibody

https://ashpublications.org/blood/article/112/5/1570/25424/B-lymphocytes-how-they-develop-and-function
The discovery of B cells did not originate in the identification of a cell, but rather the identification of a protein (ie, Ig or antibody). Identification of serum gammaglobulin as the source of antibodies 2 was a launching point for the eventual discovery of antibody-producing cells. Plasma cells were suggested as a source of antibody production as early as 1948. 3 The 2 competing views of

https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(11)61466-3/fulltext
B cells play a key role in regulating the immune system by producing antibodies, acting as antigen-presenting cells, providing support to other mononuclear cells, and contributing directly to inflammatory pathways. Accumulating evidence points to disruption of these tightly regulated processes in the pathogenesis of autoimmune disorders. Although the exact mechanisms involved remain to be

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26700440/
B cells secrete antibodies that contribute to tissue injury via multiple mechanisms. In addition, B cells contribute to disease pathogenesis in autoimmunity and alloimmunity by presenting antigens as well as providing costimulation and cytokines to T cells. B cells also play an immunomodulatory role in regulating the immune response by

https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/t-cells--b-cells-and-the-immune-system.h00-159465579.html
Request an appointment at MD Anderson online or by calling 1-877-632-6789. T cell divides into two separate T cells. The intersection of the immune system and cancer is complex. Matthew Gubin, Ph.D., shares insights on T cells and B cells, including their roles in cancer development, treatment and vaccines.

https://www.thoughtco.com/b-cells-meaning-373351
B cells are white blood cells that protect the body against pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. Pathogens and foreign matter have associated molecular signals that identify them as antigens. B cells recognize these molecular signals and produce antibodies that are specific to the specific antigen. There are billions of B cells in the body.

https://www.britannica.com/science/antibody
Antibodies are produced by specialized white blood cells called B lymphocytes (or B cells). When an antigen binds to the B-cell surface, it stimulates the B cell to divide and mature into a group of identical cells called a clone. The mature B cells, called plasma cells, secrete millions of antibodies into the bloodstream and lymphatic system.

https://www.technologynetworks.com/immunology/articles/b-cells-memory-b-cells-and-plasma-cells-b-cell-activation-development-and-the-b-cell-receptor-384316
B cells, also known as B lymphocytes, are immune cells that drive the humoral adaptive immune response.They are one of three types of lymphocyte in the adaptive immune response - the others being T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. 1 B cells are distinguished by their ability to produce antibodies (known as immunoglobulins (Ig) when attached to B cells via a transmembrane domain), and the

https://hms.harvard.edu/news/new-insights-b-cells
The animals' B cells then underwent affinity maturation, producing potent human antibodies in a short amount of time. As a proof of concept, Farzan, Yin, and colleagues introduced the genomes for HIV antibodies into mouse B cells. They then exposed the cells to a test HIV vaccine and allowed affinity maturation to happen.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B1_cell
B1 cells are a sub-class of B cell lymphocytes that are involved in the humoral immune response.They are not part of the adaptive immune system, as they have no memory, but otherwise, B1 cells perform many of the same roles as other B cells: making antibodies against antigens and acting as antigen-presenting cells.These B1 cells are commonly found in peripheral sites, but less commonly found

https://allcells.com/b-cells-more-than-just-antibodies/
The 'B' in B cells was actually named for the bursa of Fabricius in birds, not bone marrow as commonly believed based on the initial landmark animal studies performed in chickens that led to the discovery of these cells 1. In addition to producing antibodies, B cells play important roles in mediating cellular immunity through generating

https://biomedguide.com/biology/blood-type-antigens-antibodies-and-transfusions/
Antibodies (aka immunoglobulins) are proteins produced and secreted by differentiated B-lymphocytes called plasma cell. They mediate the humoral immune response and are necesassary for the determination of self versus foriegn antigens. Antibodies have an interesting Y-shaped structure withat least two binding sites for one specific antigen. The areas where the antigen is recognized on the

https://academic.oup.com/cei/article/217/1/15/7655509
The 2:1 format enables greater potency with regard to B-cell cytotoxicity compared to 1:1 antibodies, thought to be due to the close proximity of the CD20 binder and CD3 binder, resulting in a more stable T cell to target B-cell synapse induced by the head-to-tail fusion design .

https://scholars.duke.edu/individual/pub1632490
Here, we report MPER peptide-liposome induction of polyclonal HIV-1 B cell lineages of mature bnAbs and their precursors, the most potent of which neutralized 15% of global tier 2 HIV-1 strains and 35% of clade B strains with lineage initiation after the second immunization. ... Vaccine induction of heterologous HIV-1-neutralizing antibody B

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38935072/
Germinal centers (GC) are microanatomical lymphoid structures where affinity-matured memory B cells and long-lived bone marrow plasma cells are primarily generated. It is unclear how the maturation of B cells within the GC impacts the breadth and durability of B cell responses to influenza vaccination in humans.

https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/other/switching-decisions-interleukin-12-influences-b-cell-immune-response/ar-BB1oZL57
B cells are known to generate antibodies through two different responses—an "emergency response" and an "everything is okay, let's prepare for the future response," says Mark Shlomchik, UPMC

https://ard.bmj.com/content/early/2024/06/20/ard-2024-225727
B cells have a pivotal function in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. In autoimmune disease, B cells orchestrate antigen presentation, cytokine production and autoantibody production, the latter via their differentiation into antibody-secreting plasmablasts and plasma cells.

https://news.abbvie.com/2024-06-27-AbbVie-Acquires-Celsius-Therapeutics
Celsius' CEL383 is a potential first-in-class anti-Triggering Receptor Expressed on Myeloid Cells 1 (TREM1) antibody for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD); NORTH CHICAGO, Ill., June 27, 2024 /PRNewswire/ -- AbbVie (NYSE: ABBV) announced today the acquisition of Celsius Therapeutics, Inc. ("Celsius"), a privately held biotechnology company pioneering new therapies for patients

https://ard.bmj.com/content/early/2024/06/27/ard-2024-226017
Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a B cell-driven autoimmune disease (AID) that can coincide with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). 1 Here, we report on a 37-year-old woman who was diagnosed with generalised, acetylcholine receptor (AChR)-antibody positive MG in 2013 and developed anticitrullinated protein antibody (ACPA) positive RA in 2020. Arthritis affected multiple hand and ankle joints that showed