https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoantibody
An autoantibody is an antibody (a type of protein) produced by the immune system that is directed against one or more of the individual's own proteins. Many autoimmune diseases (notably lupus erythematosus) are associated with such antibodies. Production.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2703183/
Natural autoantibodies. Antibodies that bind to a variety of exogenous antigens, such as those on bacteria, viruses, and fungi, as well as self-antigens (e.g., nucleic acids, phospholipids, erythrocytes, serum proteins, cellular components, insulin or thyroglobulin) account for a significant proportion of immunoglobulins in healthy individuals. 1 Because they arise independently of known and

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9627499/
Autoantibodies are well known as potentially highly harmful antibodies which attack the host via binding to self-antigens, thus causing severe associated diseases and symptoms (e.g. autoimmune diseases). However, detection of autoantibodies to a range of disease-associated antigens has enabled their successful usage as important tools in disease diagnosis, prognosis and treatment.

https://www.news-medical.net/life-sciences/What-are-Autoantibodies.aspx
What are autoantibodies? The loss of the ability of the immune system to distinguish between self and nonself antigens is the underlying cause of autoantibody development. Self-antigens against

https://www.nature.com/articles/ncprheum0895
Natural autoantibodies are mainly IgM, are encoded by unmutated V (D)J genes and display a moderate affinity for self-antigens. They provide a first line of defense against infections, probably

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4497746/
Specific autoantibody isotypes are present in different diseases, with IgA antibodies present in antiphospholipid syndrome and IgE autoantibodies present in SLE ( 82 - 84 ). IgM and IgG autoantibodies are the most abundant. IgM autoantibodies are also present in healthy individuals and are therefore often considered to be less pathogenic ( 85 ).

https://www.britannica.com/science/autoantibody
Autoantibodies damage body tissues by bringing about the phagocytosis (ingestion) or lysis (bursting) of healthy cells. Blood cells are common targets of these actions. In autoimmune hemolytic anemia, for example, certain autoantibodies bind to red blood cells.This chemical binding activates the complement system, a series of proteins in the plasma, which in turn lyses the blood cells.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41577-021-00543-w
Through the unleashing of T cells and stimulation of autoantibody production, checkpoint inhibitors can induce neurological autoimmunity (Fig. 2g ), often with antibodies to Ma2, Hu, Yo, GABA B

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1568997223001209
According to their pathogenic mechanisms, functional autoantibodies can be grouped into six categories, namely activation of target receptors, blockade of target receptors, induction of receptor internalization, neutralization of target ligands, neutralization of other soluble extracellular antigens, and disruption of protein-protein interaction (Fig. 1).

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abn1034
Autoantibodies are usually known for their etiologic role in mediating autoimmune diseases. Canonically, autoantibodies can drive pathological inflammation within nearly any tissue, notably affecting the skin, joints, muscles, and central nervous system as well as organs such as the thyroid and pancreas ().Similarly, autoantibodies can trigger distinctive syndromes marked by highly specific

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0091674922008454
To focus this review on autoantibodies that are clinically relevant, possibly important for disease pathogenesis, and relatively well investigated, we used 5 criteria: (1) the targeted antigen should be defined on a molecular level (eg, a specific protein); (2) a prevalence of the autoantibody in more than 10% of a specific patient group for mutually exclusive antibodies (ie, autoantibodies

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36336400/
Abstract. The presence of autoreactive antibodies is a hallmark of many autoimmune diseases. The effector functions of (auto)antibodies are determined by their constant domain, which defines the antibody isotype and subclass. The most prevalent isotype in serum is IgG, which is often the only isotype used in diagnostic testing.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03631-y
To discover functional autoantibodies that could influence the outcome of COVID-19, we used a high-throughput autoantibody discovery method known as rapid extracellular antigen profiling (REAP) 7

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33333232/
Autoantibodies are abnormal antibodies which are generated by pathogenic B cells when targeting an individual's own tissue. Autoantibodies have been identified as a symbol of autoimmune disorders and are frequently considered a clinical marker of these disorders. Autoimmune diseases, including system lupus erythematosus and rheumatoid arthritis

https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2021/09/covid-19-autoantibodies.html
Hospitalized COVID-19 patients are substantially more likely to harbor autoantibodies — antibodies directed at their own tissues or at substances their immune cells secrete into the blood — than people without COVID-19, according to a new study. Autoantibodies can be early harbingers of full-blown autoimmune disease.

https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2172244-overview
Anti-RNP: Mixed connective-tissue disease, SLE. Anti-Ro/SS-A autoantibodies: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), primary Sjögren syndrome, neonatal heart block. Anti-Sm (Smith): SLE. Anti-sp100: Primary biliary cirrhosis. Anti-topoisomerase antibodies: Scleroderma. Other autoantibodies and associated diseases include the following:

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/22971-antibodies
Antibodies are your immune system's way of protecting you from infections, allergens and toxins. Your body produces these proteins naturally. Sometimes, lab-made monoclonal antibodies are used to treat certain health problems, such as cancer, heart disease, rheumatoid arthritis and more. Medically Reviewed.

https://www.jnj.com/innovation/what-are-autoantibodies
Antibodies protect you by attaching to those invaders (also known as antigens) and triggering your body's natural immune response to destroy them. You can think of auto antibodies as misguided, or pathogenic, antibodies. Instead of reacting to the antigen, they respond to your body's own proteins, leading—in some cases—to an abnormal

https://www.verywellhealth.com/autoimmune-blood-test-5112938
The RF autoantibody can also be found with other autoimmune diseases like juvenile arthritis and lupus as well as tuberculosis and certain cancers like leukemia. RF results are described as negative or positive based either on the titer or IU/mL values: Negative (titer): Less than 1:80;

https://www.testing.com/tests/autoantibodies/
Autoantibody tests may be ordered when a person presents with chronic, progressive arthritic symptoms, fever, fatigue, muscle weakness, and/or a rash that cannot readily be explained. One of the most commonly ordered tests is the antinuclear antibody (ANA) test. ANA may be positive with a variety of autoimmune diseases, including lupus

https://pathology.jhu.edu/autoimmune/definitions/
Antibodies disrupt this connection, resulting in the formation of blisters. An autoimmune disease caused by the presence of autoantibodies directed against desmoglein 3, a protein part of the desmosome. Desmosomes are structures that keep cells of the skin tightly together. Antibodies disrupt this connection, resulting in the formation of blisters.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41582-022-00700-2
The role of autoantibodies in multiple sclerosis (MS) has been enigmatic since the first description, many decades ago, of intrathecal immunoglobulin production in people with this condition. Some

https://www.niams.nih.gov/newsroom/spotlight-on-research/myositis-autoantibodies-get-inside-muscle-cells-and-disrupt-function
"This study shows that autoantibodies get inside live muscle cells where they disrupt the normal function of their target proteins," concluded Iago Pinal-Fernandez, M.D., Ph.D., who is a staff clinician in the NIAMS Muscle Disease Section and one of the study's lead authors. "This mechanism through which autoantibodies enter the cells

https://bmcpediatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12887-023-04287-5
Anti-sulfatide antibody-mediated complement is associated with acute sensorimotor peripheral neuropathy in GBS, which is characterized by pain and paresthesias. The child was a 7-year-old girl with headache and abdominal pain, followed by limb numbness and pain. Cranial imaging showed ventricular dilatation, peripheral nerve function conduction

https://medicalxpress.com/news/2024-07-antibody-harbors-great-potential-blood.html
Antibody also shows promise for ALL. The Translational ALL Research team at the ALL-BFM Reference and Study Center at UKSH, Kiel Campus, is looking for additional immunotherapeutic treatment

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37210100/
Neural antibody testing should use tissue assays along with cell-based assays that include a broad range of antigens. Live neuronal studies in specialised centres can assist in resolving inconsistencies with respect to syndrome-antibody associations. Accurate diagnosis of probable antibody-negative autoimmune encephalitis will identify patients

https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/immunology/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2022.953726/full
High blood sugar caused by T1D leads to damage of blood vessels and organs (e.g. heart, kidneys, eyes, and nerves). Many different harmful autoantibodies are generated including autoantibodies against glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), an enzyme which aids pancreatic function. Such anti-GAD autoantibodies promote T1D.

https://hero.epa.gov/hero/index.cfm/reference/details/reference_id/7793691
We report here the isolation of two new monoclonal antibodies (MB1.1 and MB1.2) against mouse VLA-beta 1 integrin subunit. Characterization by flow cytometry demonstrated binding of MB1.1 and MB1.2 to freshly isolated thymocytes, primary bone marrow mast cell lines, as well as cell lines of distinct lineage each expressing different combination of VLA integrins.

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adq3348
The authors used a soluble version of the extracellular portion of the MeV F glycoprotein, or ectodomain (F ECTO), containing two mutations [Glu170→Gly (E170G) and E455G] to solve high-resolution structures of the MeV F pre- and postfusion conformations , as well as F in complex with an inhibitory peptide or with monoclonal antibody 77 (mAb 77).

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41569-024-01045-7
Autoantibodies against apolipoprotein A-I, the major protein in HDL, have also been described in the context of SLE and could modulate HDL functions and inflammation 14,387.