https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ankle-sprain-in-adults-evaluation-and-diagnosis
INTRODUCTION. Ankle injuries are among the most common problems presenting to primary care offices and emergency departments [ 1-3 ]. Patients with ankle sprains (stretching, partial rupture, or complete rupture of at least one ligament) constitute a large percentage of these injuries. The epidemiology, presentation, and evaluation of common

https://www.physio-pedia.com/Stress_tests_for_Ankle_ligaments
2. A positive drawer test done 5 days after the injury, has been shown to be more sensitive and specific than the test done withing the 24-48 hours. 3. A sensitivity of 52% has been reported in a single study for the inversion talar tilt test. 4. In acute injuries, the eversion stress test may be of limited clinical value.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459212/
Acute ankle sprains are commonly seen in both primary care and sports medicine practices as well as emergency departments and can result in significant short-term morbidity, recurrent injuries, and functional instability. Although nonoperative treatment is often successful in achieving satisfactory outcomes, correct diagnosis and treatment is important at the time of initial evaluation to

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3718986/
Functional treatment consisted of the use of an Aircast ankle brace for 3 weeks. In this study, the prevalence of reinjury was 1 of 15 in the surgical group and 7 of 18 in the functional treatment group. There was no difference in the ankle score and in anterior drawer and talar tilt as measured by stress radiography.

https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ankle-sprain-in-adults
Patients with ankle sprains (stretching, partial rupture, or complete rupture of at least one ligament) constitute a large percentage of these injuries. The epidemiology, presentation, and evaluation of common ankle sprains are reviewed here. The management of common ankle sprains and the evaluation and management of high ankle sprains

https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ankle-sprain-in-adults-management
Patients with ankle sprains (stretching, partial rupture, or complete rupture of at least one ligament) constitute a large percentage of these injuries. Most ankle sprains involve the lateral ligament complex. The medial deltoid ligament complex is strong and rarely injured in isolation. The management and prevention of common ankle sprains are

https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/52/15/956
Introduction. A lateral ankle sprain (LAS) is a frequently incurred musculoskeletal injury, with a high prevalence among the general population and individuals who participate in sports.1 2 About 40% of all traumatic ankle injuries occur during sports. For indoor sports, an incidence of 7 LAS per 1000 exposures has been reported.3 Despite the high prevalence and incidence of LAS injuries, it

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9592509/
1. Introduction. An ankle sprain is the most frequent musculoskeletal injury in athletes and very common in the general population with secondary conditions that require considerable medical attention. [] Ankle sprains cause pain and restricted range of motion; it can lead to functional deficits or disability, post-traumatic osteoarthritis, and chronic ankle instability.

https://www.orthobullets.com/foot-and-ankle/7028/ankle-sprain
Ankle Sprains are very common twisting injuries to the ankle that are the most common reason for missed athletic participation. Diagnosis can be made clinically with swelling and ecchymosis of the ankle and pain with range of motion. Radiographs are only indicated when clinical examination meets criteria (Ottawa ankle rules).

https://www.merckmanuals.com/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/approach-to-the-patient-with-joint-symptoms/evaluation-of-the-ankle
Physical Examination of the Ankle. The patient is observed walking, but only if there is no serious injury that could be aggravated or complicated by weight bearing. The ankle is inspected for deformities, swelling, skin discoloration, muscle atrophy, and asymmetry with the opposite side. The lower leg muscles are inspected for atrophy.

https://www.physio-pedia.com/Ankle_Sprain
The signs and symptoms of ankle sprain vary widely depending on the type and severity of the injury and include: ... Talar Tilt Test- tests the Calcaneofibular Ligament; ... risks, and costs of alternative approaches to the evaluation and treatment of severe ankle sprain. Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research. 1984 Mar 1;183:160-8.

https://www.orthobullets.com/foot-and-ankle/7029/high-ankle-sprain-and-syndesmosis-injury
Images. summary. High Ankle Sprain & Syndesmosis Injuries are traumatic injuries that affect the distal tibiofibular ligaments and most commonly occur due to sudden external rotation of the ankle. Diagnosis is suspected clinically with tenderness over the syndesmosis which worsens with squeezing of the tibia and fibula together at the midcalf.

https://www.orthobullets.com/foot-and-ankle/7005/ankle-ligaments
Anatomy. extends from the anteroinferior border of the fibula to the neck of the talus. origin is 10mm proximal to tip of fibula. inserts directly distal to articular cartilage of the talus (18mm distal to joint line) runs 45°-90° to longitudinal axis of the tibia. Physical exam. anterior drawer in 20° of plantar flexion.

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21609-ankle-ligament
Ankle Ligament. Ankle ligaments are like cords that connect the foot bones with the lower leg bones. They stabilize the ankle joint and prevent the ankle from twisting, folding or collapsing. An ankle ligament can overstretch or tear, called a sprain. Ankle sprain is a very common injury and can range from mild to severe.

https://www.racgp.org.au/getattachment/919e92c2-2eaf-4e99-b391-286f840b39a8/Sports-ankle-injuries-Assessment-and-management.aspx
Examination. examination of the injured ankle includes: Weight bearing - if the patient cannot weight bear on the affected leg for more than four steps unaided, ankle X-rays should be ordered (Figure 3)2. Inspection - discoloration haematoma and significant swelling are suggestive of ligament rupture or fracture.

https://www.physio-pedia.com/Foot_and_Ankle_Assessment-Investigations_and_Tests
A routine inspection method of the ankle ligament in the case of the ankle ligament injury. A weight-bearing MRI is recommended because the transverse position and the coronal position can show the full length of the ligament. A valuable tool in the diagnosis of post-traumatic ankle pain as it has 96% accuracy in detecting tendon injury.

https://www.massgeneral.org/assets/mgh/pdf/orthopaedics/foot-ankle/pt-guidelines-for-ankle-sprain.pdf
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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3348693/
Introduction. Acute injuries of the ankle are among the most common injuries of the musculo-skeletal system. 1 It has been estimated that about one ankle sprain occurs per 10,000 people each day in Western countries. 2-4 In sport, the incidence is even higher. 5-7 Sixteen to 21% of all sports related injuries are sprained ankles. 4,8 In 77-99% X-rays are taken, 9,10 although in only 9

https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/22249-high-ankle-sprains
A high ankle sprain is when you tear or damage the high ankle ligaments that connect the tibia to the fibula. These ligaments are known as syndesmosis, even though that word refers to the joint itself. You might hear your high ankle sprain called a syndesmotic injury. Our ankles connect the leg bones to the foot bones.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V9R9tfmBFHE
Educational video describes the ligaments of the ankle - injury, types, diagnosis and tests

https://epomedicine.com/emergency-medicine/stress-tests-ankle-ligaments/
Anterior Drawer Test. Assesses: Anterior talofibular ligament (ATFL) Position: Knee joint in flexion and ankle in 10-15 degrees plantar flexion. Maneuver: The examiner exerts a downward force on the tibia while simultaneously attempting to "lift up" the foot while grasping behind the heel.

https://podiapaedia.org/wiki/podiatry-books/musculoskeletal-books/ligamentous-injuries-of-the-foot-and-ankle-diagnosis-management-and-rehabilitation/
Ligamentous Injuries of the Foot and Ankle: Diagnosis, Management and Rehabilitation, edited by Pieter D'Hooghe, Kenneth J. Hunt and Jeremy J. McCormick is aimed at sports medicine and foot and ankle clinicians globally who see and treat ligamentous injuries to the foot and ankle, the focus of this comprehensive text is on cutting-edge techniques in both non-surgical and surgical treatment

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38429720/
Background: Sports-related ACL (anterior cruciate ligament) injuries are frequent. Successful management requires early diagnosis and treatment. One of the clinical tests used to identify ACL damage is the lever sign test. This meta-analysis aimed to assess the lever sign test's diagnostic efficacy for ACL injuries.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC164372/
Evaluation. Deltoid ligament injuries cause pain, tenderness, and swelling on the medial side of the ankle. A defect may be palpable below the medial malleolus in complete ruptures. If a deltoid ligament injury is present, it is extremely important to evaluate the ankle for a syndesmosis sprain or fracture.