https://www.powwows.com/black-native-americans-what-to-know-about-afro-indigenous-peoples/
Unfortunately, Black Native Americans often lacked proper documentation, resulting in unclear ancestral origins. Today, most Afro-Indigenous people reside in Southern states and states associated with original Southern descendants. Obtaining tribal membership is a constant battle for Black Natives. Some tribes, such as the Cherokee in 2011

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States
Black Indians (American Indian ancestry) Total population. True population unknown, 269,421 identified Indigenous Black Native American inwon 2010 census [1] Regions with significant populations. United States (especially the Southern United States or in locations populated by Southern descendants), Oklahoma, New York and Massachusetts ).

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/an-ancestry-of-african-native-americans-7986049/
Angela Walton-Raji has been researching African-Native American genealogy for nearly 20 years and is the author of the book Black Indian Genealogy Research: African-American Ancestors Among the

https://americanindian.si.edu/ancestors-know/reflections/black-native-identity-and-futurity/
Photo by Amber Starks (a.k.a. Melanin Mvskoke) Amber Starks, a.k.a. Melanin Mvskoke, (Black/Muscogee Creek) is an Afro-Indigenous activist, organizer, cultural critic, decolonial theorist, and budding abolitionist. She is an enrolled citizen of the Muscogee (Creek) Nation and is of Shawnee, Yuchi, and Quapaw descent. Her passion is the

https://www.fieldmuseum.org/blog/relevance-native-america-black-history
Published: February 15, 2021. The Relevance of Native America to Black History. Acknowledging and exploring a hidden history of interaction. A primary focus of Black History Month is on individuals of African descent, but as African American physical anthropologist C. Montague Cobb (1939) reminds us, African Americans descend from Native

https://www.zinnedproject.org/materials/black-indians/
Black Indians: A Hidden Heritage. Book — Non-fiction. By William Loren Katz. 2012. 272 pages. History book for ages 10 to adult that traces relations between Blacks and American Indians since the time of the conquest. Time Periods: All US History. Themes: African American, Native American, Racism & Racial Identity, Slavery and Resistance

https://news.northeastern.edu/2022/06/10/black-people-who-became-native-americans/
Northeastern professor Caleb Gayle tells a story of Black people who became Native Americans. Caleb Gayle's new book, "We Refuse to Forget: A True Story of Black Creeks, American Identity, and Power," explores the complex relationship between a Native American tribe and its Black citizens. Photo by Matthew Modoono/Northeastern University.

https://oxfordaasc.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195301731.001.0001/acref-9780195301731-e-44914
In North America the history of relations between Native Americans and African Americans can be said to begin with one man: Estevan of Azamor (Morocco). Taken as a slave from the west coast of Africa, Estev†nico, as his Spanish companions called him, came to North America with an expedition of conquistadores in 1527.

https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/black-native-american-descendants-fighting-right-belong-n1248328
Cooking was just one way Grayson learned about the rich history and culture of the generations of Black Native Americans who came before her. "I was always keenly aware of my African ancestry

https://hunap.harvard.edu/classes/history-14m01-%E2%80%9Cblack-indians%E2%80%9D-history-identity-theory
Popularized in the 1980s by a book of the same title, the term "Black Indians" is often used to identify and describe people of mixed-race African American and Native American ancestry. It is also applied to people with historical bi-cultural connections who may or may not have Black and Native "blood" ties.

https://www.hcn.org/issues/53-11/indigenous-affairs-interview-the-ways-afro-indigenous-people-are-asked-to-navigate-their-communities/
In African American popular culture, those early interactions often take the form of romanticized tales: Native people working with Black people to battle the colonial system, or a Native ancestor

https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/07/25/when-tribal-nations-expel-their-black-members-caleb-gayle-we-refuse-to-forget-alaina-e-roberts-ive-been-here-all-the-while
When Tribal Nations Expel Their Black Members. Clashes between sovereignty rights and civil rights reveal an uncomfortable and complicated story about race and belonging in America. By Philip

https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/08/us/enslaved-people-native-americans-oklahoma.html
Sept. 8, 2020. OKMULGEE, Okla. — Ron Graham never had to prove to anyone that he was Black. But he has spent more than 30 years haunting tribal offices and genealogical archives, fighting for

https://www.npr.org/2021/10/11/1045042819/black-native-activists-indigenous-peoples-day-intersectionality
Young, Black Native activists say it's time to appreciate Indigenous diversity. Four activists speak during a panel discussion hosted by the Smithsonian National Museum of the American Indian on

https://www.massreview.org/node/10284
A Review of Kyle T. Mays, An Afro-Indigenous History of the United States. Beacon Press, 2021. This book review was written as a part of Black Natives: Anti-Blackness, Indigeneity, and Decolonization, a course at Hampshire College which focused on Afro-Indigenous scholarship and lived experiences, engaged through discussion, readings and guest

https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/abstract/document/obo-9780190280024/obo-9780190280024-0038.xml
Since the mid-20th century, a significant literature has developed at the intersection of Native American and African American lives in North American history. Much of this work has emerged within regional literatures: the American West, South, and Northeast. Some of the earliest studies emerged within African American scholarship and the

https://www.npr.org/2010/11/30/131696685/-Black-Indians-Explore-Challenges-Of-Hidden-Heritage
Joining us to talk about that, William Loren Katz, he's the author of the book "Black Indians: A Hidden Heritage." And he's with us from our bureau in New York. Also with us is Shonda Buchanan

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9780470996720.ch8
Summary This chapter contains sections titled: New Research and Future Directions

https://historynewsnetwork.org/article/181434
He is the author of An Afro-Indigenous History of the United States (Beacon Press, 2021) and City of Dispossessions: Indigenous Peoples, African Americans, and the Creation of Modern Detroit

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Black-Seminoles
The Black Seminoles were recognized for their aggressive military prowess during the First Seminole War (1817-18). That conflict began when General Andrew Jackson and U.S. troops invaded Florida, destroying African American and Indian towns and villages. Jackson ultimately captured the Spanish settlement of Pensacola, and the Spanish ceded Florida to the United States in 1821.

https://www.csmonitor.com/Books/Book-Reviews/2022/0622/Black-Native-Americans-were-largely-erased-from-US-history
Throughout American history, the U.S. government's policies toward Native Americans have been calamitous. The 1887 passage of the Dawes Act divided communally held Native lands among tribe

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the-forgotten-black-explorers-who-transformed-americans-understanding-of-the-wilderness-180984607/
York, an African American man enslaved by Clark, played an integral role as the only Black member of the corps. An experienced frontiersman , York knew how to forage for edible plants and hunt

https://www.washingtoninformer.com/african-american-native-american-history/
"The story of Black Indians is complicated," Walton-Raji said. "It is unwritten in African American history and in Indian-tribal history." The Black Seminoles. Alcione Amos is a retired museum curator at the Smithsonian Institution Community Museum in Southeast's Ward 8 and a native of Brazil who lives in Southwest D.C.

https://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/black-history-includes-native-american-and-african-american-generational-and-historical-trauma
Education for Native Americans. Many of the most highly regarded institutions were created to assimilate and destroy the culture of Native Americans. This pattern has continued since the graduation of Caleb Cheesahteamuck, who was from one Wampanoag Tribe in New England. He was the first Native American to graduate from Harvard College in 1655.

https://www.msn.com/en-ca/news/opinion/black-americans-asian-americans-mexican-americans-and-white-americans-the-making-of-america/ar-AA1ixdxG
(ThyBlackMan.com) Many, if not most, African Americans are believed to be of partial Native American ancestry. William Loren Katz in Black Indians: A Hidden Heritage explored the roots of this

https://www.dispatch.com/story/opinion/columns/guest/2024/06/19/why-juneteenth-is-celebrated-as-a-symbol-of-hope-unity-and-kinship/74127548007/
700 years to equality.Blacks lag 100s of years behind white when it comes to prosperity. We came together to kick off the Month of Freedom and pay homage to the historical significance of

https://www.washingtonpost.com/history/2024/06/30/black-voters-republicans-democrats/
In his survey of African American lawmakers in that era, Eric Foner notes that of the roughly 2,000 Black officeholders, from U.S. senator to county sheriff, "only fifteen were elected as