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732,599 Views • Sep 30, 2022 • Click to toggle off description
In today's video, we dive into the mysteries surrounding the Royal Cemetery at Ur and its associated Death Pits, examining who exactly was buried there, what Sumerian mythology has to say about the rituals conducted within, and whether it constitutes Mesopotamian's only known example of human sacrifice. And beyond these question, we examine the Cemetery's biggest quandary of all. Were its burials even royal at all?

This video owes a special thanks to archaeologist Dr Geoff Emberling, who kindly allowed me to use a number of his photos of Iraq. You can find more information on his research activities in the links below:

archaeology.lsa.umich.edu/people/emberling.php
umich.academia.edu/GeoffEmberling

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#history #documentary #mesopotamia

I'd also like to thank all of my voice actors for today's episode, whose own work you can find below:

Articulations as Enheduanna
youtube.com/c/ARTiculations/

Byron Lewis as Various Texts
youtube.com/c/ByronLewis

Stefan Milo as C. Leonard Woolley
youtube.com/c/StefanMilo
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Views : 732,599
Genre: Education
Date of upload: Sep 30, 2022 ^^


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RYD date created : 2024-05-07T11:58:15.756026Z
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@TheHistocrat

1 year ago

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Vogel H (2013) The “Great man of Uruk”: The Art of Governance in the late Fourth and early Third Millennia BC. In ‘Uruk: First City of the Ancient World’. 11. Birch N (2013) History and Chronology, pgs. 116-120. In ‘The Sumerian World’, edited by Crawford H. 12. Crawford H (2004) Sumer and the Sumerians, Second Edition, pgs. 16-36. 13. Stone EC (2013) The Organisation of a Sumerian Town, pgs. 161-169. In ‘The Sumerian World’, edited by Crawford H. 14. Collins P (2013) Everyday life in Sumer, pgs. 345-358. In ‘The Sumerian World’, edited by Crawford H. 15. van de Mieroop M (2016) A History of the Ancient Near East, 3rd Edition, pgs. 48-63. 16. Westenholz JG (2013) In the Service of the Gods: The Ministering Clergy, pgs. 246-276. In ‘The Sumerian World’, edited by Crawford H. 17. Crawford H (2004) Sumer and the Sumerians, Second Edition, pg. 30. 18. van de Mieroop M (2013) Democracy and the rule of law, the assembly and the first law code, pgs. 277-287. In ‘The Sumerian World’, edited by Crawford H. 19. Suter CE (2013) Kings and Queens: representation and reality, pgs. 201-226. In ‘The Sumerian World’, edited by Crawford H. 20. van de Mieroop M (2016) A History of the Ancient Near East, 3rd Edition, pg. 30. 21. Beaulieu PA (2018) A History of Babylon, pgs. 33-34. 22. Wright HT (1969) The Administration of Rural Production in an Early Mesopotamian Town, pg. 41. 23. Steinkeller P (1999) On rulers, priests and sacred marriage: tracing the evolution of Early Sumerian Kingship. In ‘Priests and Officials in the Ancient Near East’, edited by Watanbe K. 24. McCaffrey (2013) The Sumerian Sacred Marriage: Texts and Images, pgs. 227-241. In ‘The Sumerian World’, edited by Crawford H. 25. Schaudig H (2013) The Ancient Near East Ruler, pgs. 111-115. In ‘Uruk: First City of the Ancient World’. 26. Jacobson T (1943) Primitive Democracy in Ancient Mesopotamia. 27. Jacobson T (1957) Early political development in Mesopotamia. 28. Westenholz A (2002) The Sumerian City State, pgs. 23-42. In ‘A Comparative Study of Six City-State Cultures’, edited by Hansen MH. 29. Postgate N (1992) Early Mesopotamia: Society and Economy at the Dawn of History, pg. 297. 30. Crawford H (2013) Trade in the Sumerian World, pgs. 447-459. In ‘The Sumerian World’, edited by Crawford H. 31. Marchesi G (2004) Who Was Buried in the Royal Tombs of Ur? The Epigraphic and Textual Data. 32. Woolley CL (1934) Ur Excavations: Vol. 2, pg. 1-20 33. Woolley CL (1934) Ur Excavations: Vol. 2, pg. 33-43. 34. Woolley CL (1934) Ur Excavations: Vol. 2, pg. 225-226. 35. Thomas HL (1992) Historical Chronologies and Radiocarbon Dating, pg 147. 36. Woolley CL (1934) Ur Excavations: Vol. 2, pgs. 37, 114, 116. 37. Moorey P (1977) What do we know about the people buried in the Royal Cemetery? 38. Baadsgaard A (2016) All the Queen's Clothes: Identifying Female Royalty at Early Dynastic Ur. 39. Woolley CL (1934) Ur Excavations: Vol. 2, pgs. 73-91, 97-107. 40. Woolley CL (1934) Ur Excavations: Vol. 2, pgs. 155-160. 41. Woolley CL (1934) Ur Excavations: Vol. 2, pgs. 400-404. 42. Woolley CL (1934) Ur Excavations: Vol. 2, pgs. 98, 316. 43. Braun Holzinger E (1991) Apotropaic Figures at Mesopotamian Temples in the Third and Second Millennia, pgs. 149–172. 44. Cholidis N (2003) The Treasure of Ur from Mari, pg. 143. In ‘Art of the First Cities’, edited by Aruz J and Wallenfels R. 45. Woolley CL (1965) Excavations at Ur, pg. 59. 46. Woolley CL (1934) Ur Excavations: Vol. 2, pgs. 159, 316. 47. Reade J (2003) The Royal Tombs of Ur, pgs. 93-96. In ‘Art of the First Cities’, edited by Aruz J and Wallenfels R. 48. Woolley CL (1934) Ur Excavations: Vol. 2, pgs. 61-62. 49. Woolley CL (1934) Ur Excavations: Vol. 2, pgs. 266-274. 50. Reade J (2003) The Royal Tombs of Ur, pgs. 97-100. In ‘Art of the First Cities’, edited by Aruz J and Wallenfels R. 51. Woolley CL (1934) Ur Excavations: Vol. 2, pgs. 121-123, 264-266. 52. Reade J (2003) The Royal Tombs of Ur, pgs. 121-122. In ‘Art of the First Cities’, edited by Aruz J and Wallenfels R. 53. Woolley CL (1934) Ur Excavations: Vol. 2, pgs. 74-77, 249-258. 54. Cheng J (2009) A Review of Early Dynastic III Music: Man’s animal call, pgs. 173-178. 55. Rimmer J (1969) Ancient Musical Instruments of Western Asia in the British Museum, pgs. 14-18. 56. Reade J (2003) The Royal Tombs of Ur, pgs. 105-106. In ‘Art of the First Cities’, edited by Aruz J and Wallenfels R. 57. Cooper JS (2006) Genre, Gender, and the Sumerian Lamentation, pgs. 41-44. 58. Westenholz JG (2013) In the Service of the Gods: The Ministering Clergy, pgs. 264-266. In ‘The Sumerian World’, edited by Crawford H. 59. Michalowski P (2006) LOVE OR DEATH? OBSERVATIONS ON THE ROLE OF THE GALA IN UR III CEREMONIAL LIFE, pgs. 49-61. 60. Michalowski P (1994) The Drinking Gods: Alcohol in Mesopotamian Ritual and Mythology, pgs. 27-44. In ‘Drinking in Ancient Societies: History and Culture of Drinks in the Ancient Near East’, edited by Milano L. 61. Woolley CL (1934) Ur Excavations: Vol. 2, pgs. 274-279. 62. Finkel IL (2007) On the Rules for the Royal Game of Ur, pgs. 22-32. In ‘Ancient Board Games in Perspective’, edited by Finkel IL. 63. Woolley CL (1934) Ur Excavations: Vol. 2, pgs. 37-41. 64. Pollock S (1991) Of Priestesses, Princes and Poor Relations: The Dead in the Royal Cemetery at Ur, pgs. 173-177. 65. Woolley CL (1965) Excavations at Ur, pg. 77-82. 66. Woolley CL (1934) Ur Excavations: Vol. 2, pgs. 312-13. 67. Douglas F (2010) The struggle for hegemony in “Early Dynastic II” Sumer, pgs. 37-77. 68. Gianni Marchesi (2010) The Sumerian King List and the early History of Mesopotamia, pgs. 231-48. 69. Tummal inscription entry on the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, assessed 29th September 2022. cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?SearchMode… 70. Steinkeller P (2003) An Ur III manuscript of the Sumerian King List. Literatur, Politik und Recht. In ‘Mesopotamien: Festschrift fur Claus Wilck’. 71. Sumerian King List (SKL) entry on the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, lines 132-140, assessed 29th September 2022. cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?CompositeN… 72. Sumerian King List (SKL) entry on the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, lines 39-42, assessed 29th September 2022. cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?CompositeN… 73. Sollberger E (1962) The Tummal Inscription, pg. 41. 74. Archi A (2004) Translation of Gods: Kumarpi, Enlil, Dagan/Nisaba, Halki, pg. 322. 75. van de Mieroop M (2016) A History of the Ancient Near East, 3rd Edition, pgs. 46-47. 76. Beaulieu PA (2018) A History of Babylon, pg. 35. 77. Kramer SN (1944) The Death of Gilgamesh. 78. Vogel H (2013) Death and Burial, pgs. 419-434. In ‘The Sumerian World’, edited by Crawford H. 79. Crawford H (2004) Sumer and the Sumerians, Second Edition, pgs. 135-136. 80. George AR (2003) The Babylonian Gilgamesh Epic, vol. 1, pgs. 12-17 81. The Death of Ur-Nammu (A), The Electronic Text Corpus of Sumerian Literature, assessed 29th September 2022. etcsl.orinst.ox.ac.uk/section2/tr2411.htm 82. Pedde F (2013) Burials in Uruk, pgs. 288-289. In ‘Uruk: First City of the Ancient World’. 83. Sumerian King List (SKL) entry on the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative, lines 112-118, assessed 29th September 2022. cdli.ucla.edu/search/search_results.php?CompositeN… 84. Charvát P (2002) Mesopotamia Before History, pg. 227. 85. Sürenhagen D (2002) Death in Mesopotamia: The 'Royal Tombs' of Ur Revisited. In ‘Of Pots and Plans : Papers on the Archaeology and History of Mesopotamia and Syria Presented to David Oates in Honour of His 75th Birthday’. 86. Woolley CL (1934) Ur Excavations: Vol. 2, pg. 38. 87. van de Mieroop M (2016) A History of the Ancient Near East, 3rd Edition, pg. 65-66. 88. Woolley CL (1934) Ur Excavations: Vol. 2, pg. 39-40. 89. Woolley CL (1950) Ur of the Chaldee, pgs. 51-103. 90. Woolley CL (1934) Ur Excavations: Vol. 2, pgs. 316, 340. 91. Woolley CL (1934) Ur Excavations: Vol. 2, pgs. 94, 316. 92. Woolley CL (1934) Ur Excavations: Vol. 2, pgs. 312, 316. 93. Marchesi G (2004) Who Was Buried in the Royal Tombs of Ur? The Epigraphic and Textual Data, pgs. 173-175. 94. Smith S (1928) Assyriological Notes, pgs. 864-868. 95. Böhl F (1930) Das Menschenopfer bei den alten Sumerern, pg 83-98. In ‘Zeitchrift für Assyriologie’. 96. Woolley CL (1934) Ur Excavations: Vol. 2, pgs. 49, 316. 97. Woolley CL (1934) Ur Excavations: Vol. 2, pgs. 116, 316.

253 |

@Comuniity_

1 year ago

I think the most important thing I learned is the sacred bond between a man and his barber dates back thousands and thousands of years

660 |

@samaritan_sys

1 year ago

History Time and Histocrat in the same week… I think I’m gonna cry with joy!

200 |

@Zogerpogger

1 year ago

What a treat! I love the Histocrats documentaries, as much like Stephen Milo's, they recreate the same sensation of curiosity and amazement I felt as a child when watching documentaries. The music, the pacing, the images used, all come together in a unique and brilliant way.

215 |

@manosassassin

1 year ago

Oh boy it's 2Am and the Histocrat just uploaded, there goes my sleep.

150 |

@lostinsomevalley

1 year ago

Appreciate the incredible amount of time you put into this channel. Thanks mate.

153 |

@thefritz123

1 year ago

The depth and and sincerity with which you explore and present this topic is impressive. Thank you, Sir.

60 |

@jourcontre-jour1286

1 year ago

Thank you for covering Ur I absolutely love their civilization

30 |

@toslo24

9 months ago

I think it was a combination for the followers to be buried with their ruler - 1 the succeeding kings would get rid of any potential threats to their kingship and 2 the followers would avoid a loss of status and hence 'choose' to be buried with their ruler. I think it would have been difficult to force a solider to bury themselves unless they were halfway willing.

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@philipmarx1819

1 year ago

The Royal Death Pits of Ur is a kickass name for metal band.

6 |

@The_Reality_Filter

1 year ago

Your content is always of such a high standard and often concentrates on lesser explored topics. Kudos to you sir and may the algorithm bless you...

85 |

@ian_b

1 year ago

One could get very confused discussing Early Ur, Earlier Ur, and it's founding condition, ur-Ur.

11 |

@JustSpectre

1 year ago

The best video on this topic I have ever seen. Very well researched, exceptionally narrated, comprehensively presented. You have my honest thanks.

25 |

@remainselusive1

1 year ago

You had me at Death Pits.

32 |

@Imperiused

1 year ago

Listened and watched while I was cleaning. These videos are truly a treasure. The research, the images, the narration... I could never not recommend this channel. You're criminally underwatched!

14 |

@Zogerpogger

1 year ago

Even though I wish the History of Britain series would get a new installment, I get the feeling the Histocrat gets curious and learns new things faster than he can make videos and thus ends up just making a video on what he is most interested in at the time or learned most recently. If this is the case I totally understand why there have been a few series that seem to be abandoned.

52 |

@klaatoris

1 year ago

Great stuff. But I am curious about the "fashion sense" of the Sumerians. It seems to me like nearly all the ancient peoples of this region, from the Akkadians down to the Persians, liked to portray their rulers with big, long, well groomed beards. On the Standard of Ur, however, everyone from the defeated soldiers to the king are clean shaven and bald or short haired. Did the Sumerians have distinctly different aesthetic ideals from the other ones?

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@sgilbert5753

1 year ago

The royal cemetery at Ur's communal burial seems to suggest a less than peaceful change in overlordship, or perhaps dynasty; in that the surviving defeated were honoring their revered killed, perhaps during an overrun or post-victory executions.

8 |

@knsio

1 year ago

Love these videos! The interesting content and absence of random, distracting audio combine to make for perfect wind down videos. Thanks!

62 |

@TERMICOBRA

1 year ago

Thank you for being an educator. Your teaching style successfully transfers profound facts as you wrap them in well defined theories so we don't confuse the two.

21 |

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