Topkapı Palace Museum, Turkish Topkapı Sarayı Müzesi, museum in Istanbul that exhibits the imperial collections of the Ottoman Empire and maintains an extensive collection of books and manuscripts in its library. It is housed in a palace complex that served as the administrative centre and residence of the imperial Ottoman court from about 1478 to 1856. It opened as a museum in 1924, a year after the establishment of the Republic of Turkey. The Topkapı Palace Museum is notable not only for its architecture and collections but also for the history and culture of the Ottoman Empire that it recalls.

About 30 sultans ruled from the Topkapı Palace for nearly four centuries during the Ottoman Empire’s 600-year reign, beginning with Mehmed II. He ordered the construction of the palace in the late 1450s, several years after conquering Constantinople (Istanbul), the capital of the Byzantine Empire, in 1453. Medmed took up residence in 1478, and after his death three years later, successive sultans renovated and expanded the palace frequently, resulting in the palace’s medley of changing Islamic, Ottoman, and European architecture styles and decoration. The immense Topkapı Palace housed 1,000–4,000 inhabitants, including up to 300 in the harem.

Mehmed’s original layout, which consisted of four consecutive courtyards surrounded by high walls, remains. Each courtyard served different purposes and was separated by a gate that incrementally restricted entry, culminating in the most-private third and fourth courtyards. The palace’s surviving buildings are generally low, one- to two-story structures that changed functions throughout the centuries, so that some buildings, particularly in the harem, are not always clear in their purpose.

The first courtyard (sometimes called the Outer Courtyard) is the largest and only public courtyard. During the reign of the Ottoman Empire, any unarmed person could enter through the Imperial Gate. The courtyard’s open space made it ideal for ceremonies and processions, and it was likely the most bustling of the palace’s squares. Traces of workshops for Topkapı’s artists and artisans—carpenters, tailors, calligraphers, and other guilds—still survive.

decorations found throughout the Topkapı Palace is evident in the first courtyard. For example, Hagia Eirene, which was originally a church during the Byzantine Empire and served as an armory where weapons could be repaired (called a cebehâne) during the Ottoman Empire, features a characteristically austere Byzantine brick façade. In the same courtyard, the iconic Gate of Salutation, or the Middle Gate, recalls medieval European fortresses with its pointed towers and crenelated walls. The Tiled Pavilion, on the other hand, shows the influence of the Persian Timurid style with its polychrome-tiled iwan, a large vaulted hall enclosed on three sides. The pavilion likely once had a sand floor for jereed tournaments, a traditional Turkish equestrian sport, but it now houses the imperial collection of Turkish ceramics.

courtyard, also called Divan Square, which was the administrative centre of the palace. Only official visitors and members of the court could enter the space. Council members met several times a week to discuss state affairs in the Domed Chamber (sometimes called Council Hall). The grand vizier (chief minister) led state meetings, and the sultan sometimes listened in through a grilled window from a small room within the adjacent Tower of Justice, the palace’s tallest structure. Council members could not see the sultan, but they would have been aware of his possible attendance. The tower’s Neoclassical lantern also offered the sultan a view of the entire palace and thus served as a reminder of the sultan’s omnipresence not only in the court but in the daily life of the complex.

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