Correct answer._A
Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is a serious condition characterized by a triad of symptoms: hemolytic anemia, acute renal failure, and thrombocytopenia (low platelet count). It primarily affects children but can occur in adults as well.

▎Causes

HUS is often triggered by an infection, particularly with certain strains of Escherichia coli (E. coli), such as E. coli O157:H7, which can cause foodborne illness. Other infectious agents, certain medications, and genetic factors can also lead to HUS.

▎Pathophysiology

The condition typically involves the following processes:

• Endothelial injury: The toxins produced by the bacteria damage the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels, particularly in the kidneys.

• Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia: The damaged blood vessels lead to the destruction of red blood cells as they pass through, resulting in anemia.

• Thrombocytopenia: Platelets aggregate at the site of endothelial injury, leading to a decrease in circulating platelets.

▎Symptoms

Symptoms of HUS can include:

• Diarrhea (often bloody)

• Abdominal pain

• Nausea and vomiting

• Fatigue and weakness

• Decreased urination

• Swelling due to fluid retention

▎Diagnosis

Diagnosis is typically made based on clinical presentation, laboratory tests showing anemia, low platelet count, and elevated creatinine levels indicating kidney impairment. Stool tests may be performed to identify E. coli infection.

▎Treatment

Management of HUS often includes:

• Supportive care: This may involve hydration, electrolyte management, and monitoring kidney function.

• Blood transfusions: These may be necessary for severe anemia or significant bleeding.

• Dialysis: In cases of acute renal failure, dialysis may be required.

• Antibiotics are generally not recommended for E. coli O157:H7 infections due to the risk of worsening HUS.

▎Prognosis

The prognosis for HUS varies. Many children recover fully with appropriate treatment, but some may experience long-term complications, including chronic kidney disease.

If you suspect HUS or have concerns about symptoms related to this condition, it is crucial to seek medical attention promptly.