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In Iberia, the Romans faced Celts who wielded a different kind of sword - the falcata. This was a large, inward-curving, single-bladed (or double bladed towards the tip) sword. It is believed that it was developed from the ancient Greek kopis.

The falcata could deliver a very powerful strike, something similar to an axe, but with slashing prowess of a conventional sword. Roman writers describe how falcata could split both shield and helmet. In response to this, the Romans redesigned their shields and armor for better protection. It is even indicated that the development of gladius - Roman shortsword, was a direct reaction to the battlefield experience of facing falcata.

The ancient manufacture of falcata was also quite fascinating, as described by Diodorus of Sicily. The Celts allegedly buried plates of iron in the ground and left them there for around three years, during which time they partially corroded. They would discard any weak metal and reforge the remainder through Celtic method of pattern welding - the practice of forming a blade from several metal pieces of different composition. The blades were forge-welded together and formed in a way to create a pattern which made the blade noticeably sturdier.


Sources: docs.google.com/document/d/1mnK9tpEvz9UgeVWuUh8fPF…

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