Biomedical instrumentation is playing an important role in developing new technologies to bypass spinal cord injuries using functional electrical stimulation (FES). FES is a technique that uses electrical currents to stimulate muscles, causing them to contract. This can be used to restore movement in people with spinal cord injuries, or to improve their ability to control their muscles.

FES systems typically consist of three components:
* Electrodes: Electrodes are placed on the skin over the muscles that are to be stimulated.
* Stimulator: The stimulator generates electrical currents that are delivered to the electrodes.
* Controller: The controller allows the user to control the stimulator, such as selecting the muscles to be stimulated and the intensity of the stimulation.

FES systems can be used to restore movement in a variety of ways. For example, FES can be used to:
* Enable people with spinal cord injuries to walk
* Help people with spinal cord injuries to control their arms and hands
* Improve bladder and bowel function in people with spinal cord injuries
* Reduce muscle atrophy in people with spinal cord injuries

Biomedical instrumentation engineers are developing new FES systems that are more effective, more comfortable to use, and more affordable. For example, some researchers are developing FES systems that can be implanted in the body, while others are developing FES systems that can be controlled using brain-computer interfaces.

Biomedical instrumentation is playing a vital role in advancing the field of FES and making it a viable option for more and more people with spinal cord injuries.

Applications:
* FES can be used to restore movement in people with spinal cord injuries, stroke, and other neurological disorders.
* FES can also be used to improve the function of muscles in people with cerebral palsy, multiple sclerosis, and other neuromuscular disorders.
* FES is also being investigated for use in rehabilitation after surgery and to prevent muscle atrophy in people who are bedridden or inactive.

Conclusion:
Biomedical instrumentation is playing an important role in developing new and innovative FES systems to bypass spinal cord injuries and improve the lives of people with neurological and neuromuscular disorders.