The migrations that were characteristic for the Late Bronze Age accelerated the collapse of civilizations in the eastern Mediterranean, cutting the supply of tin and halting the production of bronze. Peoples eventually settled down and established new successor cultures and states, like Phrygia and Lydia, with access to the knowledge of ironworking from the fallen Hittite empire. This knowledge spread across the Near East and the eastern Mediterranean, beginning the Iron Age already around 1000 BC.

In Mesopotamia, Assyria commanded a vast empire with strong military and rich civilization, demonstrated by the first grand library: The Library of Ashurbanipal - named after Assyria’s most famous king.

The Phoenician merchants provided Assyria with a large tribute of commodities from their colonies, while also spreading Assyrian innovations and technology across the Mediterranean, like to the Greeks, with whom they soon became rivals. Both started setting up more colonies to better exploit the potential and resources of the “barbarian” world, all the while spreading their new cultural ideas.

Sources: docs.google.com/document/d/1mnK9tpEvz9UgeVWuUh8fPF…

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Learn more about the history in the heart of Europe:    • History in the heart of Europe  

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