The Inquisition Courts of the Dark Middle Ages were established by the Catholic Church to combat heresy and control religious beliefs, becoming infamous for their brutality. Below are some key points:

Origins: The Inquisition began in the 12th century under Pope Innocent III, targeting heretical movements like the Cathars. Its role expanded beyond religious matters over time.

Evolution: The Spanish Inquisition, established in 1478, was used to target Jews and Muslims. It was controlled by the monarchy rather than the Vatican.

Torture: Methods like the breaking wheel and water torture were used to extract confessions, justified by the need to save souls.

Galileo’s Trial: In 1633, Galileo was tried for heresy due to his support of the heliocentric theory and forced to recant his beliefs.

Witch Hunts: The Inquisition played a role in witch trials, though some inquisitors opposed them.

"Purity of Blood": Converts from Judaism or Islam were still viewed with suspicion under the Spanish Inquisition.

Auto-da-Fé: Public executions, typically by burning, were used to punish heretics and remind people of the Church’s authority.

Fear of Damnation: Accused individuals faced not only death but also the threat of eternal punishment, adding psychological pressure.

Legal Basis: The papal bull "Ad Extirpanda" in 1252 authorized the use of torture to extract confessions.

End of the Inquisition: The Inquisition was abolished in France in 1772 and Spain in 1834, as Enlightenment ideals took hold.

Legacy: The Inquisition is remembered as a symbol of religious intolerance, with its modern counterpart, the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, having a far more limited role.

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