Early Iron age is the time when the more familiar civilizations like Carthaginians, Etruscans, Greeks, Phoenicians and even Romans develop from prehistoric obscurity to mark their place in history.

The transition from history and prehistory, and in large part between “civilized” and “uncivilized” world, is bound together with the invention of writing and written records.
While the first scripts (pictographs) already appeared in Sumeria during the 4th millennium BC, the first texts in Europe appear in the Minoan and Mycenaean cultures during the Bronze age.

After the Bronze age collapse, the first alphabetic scripts of Phoenicians were adopted and adapted by the Greeks, who spread it on the Apennine Peninsula, and was taken in by Etruscans and Veneti in the north-east, during the 6th century BC.

Civilizations of the Mediterranean circle increasingly interacted with each other, vying for control of territory and trade, as they did with the chiefdoms deeper within the mainland.

Along with this conflict also grew the divide between the “civilized” south and the “barbaric” north, where records of the written language are very limited. This was a time of transition for them, as learned how to read and write, though literacy wasn't as widespread as in the contemporary Greece and Etruria. It was instead a privilege of a select few, probably of early priestdom.


Sources: docs.google.com/document/d/1mnK9tpEvz9UgeVWuUh8fPF…

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