A ballpoint pen is made up of a barrel, an ink cartridge, and a small metal ball (usually brass, steel, or tungsten carbide) at the tip.
Ballpoint pens use a special oil-based ink that is thicker than the water-based ink used in fountain pens. This thicker ink prevents leaks and clogs.
The ball is positioned between the ink reservoir and the tip in a socket. It is free to rotate but small enough to stay in place.
Gravity pulls the ink down towards the tip, coating part of the ball. As the ball rolls when you write and move the pen across the paper, it picks up ink from the reservoir and transfers it to the paper due to friction.
The ballpoint pen operates based on two scientific principles:
Surface Tension: The ink's surface tension allows it to cling to the ball and spread evenly.
Capillarity: This is the tendency of a liquid to move through narrow spaces. It helps draw the ink from the reservoir to the ball.
Overall, the ball acts as a metered dispenser, releasing ink only when it contacts the paper while preventing leaks and clogs – a clever design that makes ballpoint pens reliable and popular writing tools.

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