CBSE class 10 science Full chapters | NCERT Class 10 Term 1|Lifeprocess | Light | Acids and Bases | Chemical Reactions | Gradebooster animation videos
7 videos • 2,964 views • by Grade booster CBSE class 10 science Full chapters | NCERT Class 10 Term 1|Lifeprocess | Light | Acids and Bases | Chemical Reactions | Gradebooster animation Chapter 1: Life Processes This chapter focuses on the essential processes that are necessary for the maintenance of life. The key processes covered include: Nutrition: Autotrophic Nutrition: This involves the process of photosynthesis in green plants, where they convert light energy into chemical energy. Heterotrophic Nutrition: This includes holozoic (e.g., humans), saprophytic (e.g., fungi), and parasitic (e.g., Cuscuta) modes of nutrition. Respiration: Aerobic Respiration: This occurs in the presence of oxygen and involves the complete oxidation of glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water, and energy. Anaerobic Respiration: This occurs in the absence of oxygen, leading to the production of lactic acid or ethanol and carbon dioxide along with a small amount of energy. Transportation: In Plants: Involves the movement of water, minerals, and food through xylem and phloem. In Animals: Involves the circulatory system, which includes the heart, blood, and blood vessels. Excretion: In Plants: Involves the removal of gaseous wastes through stomata and lenticels. In Animals: Involves the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. The chapter emphasizes the importance of these life processes in maintaining the homeostasis and overall functioning of living organisms. Chapter 2: Acids, Bases, and Salts This chapter explores the nature, properties, and reactions of acids, bases, and salts. Acids: Properties: Sour taste, corrosive nature, turns blue litmus red. Common Examples: Hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, acetic acid. Reactions: With metals, bases, and carbonates. Bases: Properties: Bitter taste, slippery feel, turns red litmus blue. Common Examples: Sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, ammonia. Reactions: With acids to form salt and water (neutralization). Salts: Formation: Through neutralization reactions between acids and bases. Examples: Sodium chloride, calcium sulfate, sodium carbonate. Properties and Uses: Varied properties and wide range of applications in daily life. pH Scale: Measures the acidity or basicity of a solution. Scale ranges from 0 to 14, with 7 being neutral. Importance of pH in everyday life, including in soil, water, and body fluids. Common Indicators: Litmus: Blue to red for acid, red to blue for base. Phenolphthalein: Colorless in acid, pink in base. Methyl Orange: Red in acid, yellow in base. The chapter also discusses the importance of these substances in various industrial processes and daily activities. Chapter 3: Light – Reflection and Refraction This chapter covers the behavior of light when it encounters different surfaces and media. Reflection of Light: Laws of Reflection: The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection, and the incident ray, reflected ray, and the normal lie in the same plane. Types of Reflection: Regular and diffused reflection. Mirror Types: Plane mirrors, spherical mirrors (concave and convex). Image Formation: Characteristics of images formed by plane and spherical mirrors. Refraction of Light: Laws of Refraction: The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is constant (Snell’s law). Refractive Index: Measure of how much light bends when it enters a medium. Lenses: Convex and concave lenses, their image formation, and uses. Chapter 4: Chemical Reactions and Equations This chapter introduces the concept of chemical reactions, how to represent them, and the various types of reactions. Chemical Equations: Representation of chemical reactions using symbols and formulae. Balancing chemical equations to satisfy the law of conservation of mass. Types of Chemical Reactions: Combination Reactions: Two or more substances combine to form a single product. Decomposition Reactions: A single substance breaks down into two or more products. Displacement Reactions: One element displaces another in a compound. Double Displacement Reactions: Exchange of ions between two reactants to form new products. Oxidation and Reduction: Oxidation involves the gain of oxygen or loss of hydrogen, and reduction involves the gain of hydrogen or loss of oxygen. Effects of Oxidation and Reduction: Corrosion of metals and its prevention. Rancidity in food and its prevention. Energy Changes in Chemical Reactions: Exothermic reactions release energy. Endothermic reactions absorb energy. The chapter provides a foundational understanding of chemical reactions, which is essential for further studies in chemistry.