Dr. Javad T. Hashmi is a board-certified emergency physician, Fmr. Fellow of Medical Ethics, and PhD candidate in the Study of Religion (Islamic Studies) at Harvard University. In addition to his medical training, Dr. Hashmi has bachelors and masters degrees in Arabic & Islamic Studies from UC Berkeley and Harvard, respectively. Currently, he is completing his doctoral dissertation on the topic of jihad in the Quran and during the lifetime of the historical Muḥammad.